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Depression Flashcards

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1
Q

What is depression classified as?

A

A mood disorder (or affective disorder).

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2
Q

What are the key characteristics of depression?

A

Low mood, lack of energy and motivation, and loss of interest in previously pleasurable activities.

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3
Q

How long must symptoms of depression be present for a diagnosis?

A

At least two weeks.

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4
Q

What is the DSM-5?

A

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, which categorizes depressive disorders.

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5
Q

What is Major Depressive Disorder?

A

Severe but often short-term depression.

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6
Q

What does Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder refer to?

A

Childhood tantrums and severe temper outbursts.

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7
Q

What is Persistent Depressive Disorder?

A

Long-term, recurring depression, including sustained major depression.

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

What is a premenstrual dysphoric disorder?

A

Disruption of mood before and/or during menstruation

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10
Q

What are the two possible changes in activity levels that may occur in depression?

A

An increase in activity, such as restlessness, or a decrease, like withdrawal from daily life (e.g., not going to work).

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11
Q

How can depression affect sleep patterns?

A

It can lead to either increased time spent sleeping or a decrease via insomnia or waking very early.

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12
Q

What changes in appetite might be seen in someone with depression?

A

Appetite may increase, leading to more food consumption, or decrease, resulting in an inability to eat or lack of appetite.

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13
Q

How can depression manifest through aggression and self-harm?

A

The person may become aggressive towards others, engage in self-harm (e.g., cutting), and this may culminate in suicidal behaviors.

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14
Q

What is the key defining emotional characteristics of depression?

A

Consistently low moods or sadness, often accompanied by feelings of hopelessness

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15
Q

How can depression manifest through anger?

A

It may lead to angry outbursts and unpredictable mood swings

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16
Q

How does depression affect interest in activities or hobbies?

A

The person may lose all interest in activities or hobbies that once brought them joy, which can increase sadness

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17
Q

How is low self-esteem related to depression?

A

It may involve self-loathing, which can worsen feelings of sadness and hopelessness.

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18
Q

What are cognitive characteristics?

A

Refers to brain-bases processes which are involved in skills such as thinking, learning, remembering,paying attention and reading

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19
Q

What is a common negative view of the world in depression?

A

Thoughts that everything will turn out badly and that there is no hope

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20
Q

How do irrational thoughts manifest in depression?

A

They do not accurately reflect reality but instead mirror the negative mindset of the depressed person.

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21
Q

How is concentration affected in someone with depression?

A

Concentration may be disturbed, leading to an inability to focus on a specific task.

22
Q

How does depression affect decision-making?

A

The person may seem ‘paralysed’ with indecision, unable to commit to a course of action.

23
Q

What is catastrophising in the context of depression?

A

An ‘end-of-the-world’ mindset, where even small setbacks are viewed as tragedies or emergencies.

24
Q

What does Beck’s cognitive approach to explaining depression focus on?

A

The role of internal mental processes in determinining behaviour

25
Q

What are example of internal mental processes in becks cognitive approach?

A

Thoughts, information processing and perception

26
Q

How does the cognitive approach explain depression?

A

Depression is explained through irrational thoughts, faulty information processing and distorted perceptions

27
Q

What assumption does the cognitive approach make about the cause of depression?

A

It assumes that depression results from faulty or irrational thought processes and negative schema.

28
Q

What is an example of irrationally personalizing events in faulty information processing? What is an example of irrationally personalizing events in faulty information processing?

A

Thinking, “The world hates me, even the bus hates me, it didn’t stop for me this morning.”

29
Q

How does seeking out the negative manifest in faulty information processing?

A

Focusing on the downside of a positive situation, like saying, “I may have got a promotion, but it will mean I have to take on more work.”

30
Q

What is catastrophising in faulty information processing?

A

Believing, “I got a low mark for this essay, which means I’m going to fail my exams and end up homeless and broke.”

31
Q

How does overgeneralising occur in faulty information processing?

A

Concluding, “I had a date last night but it didn’t go well, so what’s the point of dating at all?”

32
Q

Who developed the concept of the negative triad as an explanation of depression?

A

Beck

33
Q

What are the three components of becks negative triad?

A

Negative view of the self, negative view of the world, and negative view of the future

34
Q

What is the negative view of the self in becks negative triad?

A

Thoughts like “I am worthless, unimportant, useless, or a waste of time.”

35
Q

What is the negative view of the world in Beck’s negative triad?

A

The belief that “Everyone is against me.”

36
Q

What is the negative view of the future in Beck’s negative triad?

A

The thought, “I am never going to amount to anything.”

37
Q

what is a schema?

A

a schema is a mental framework that helps organise ideas and experiences into easily categorised ‘packets’ of information

38
Q

what is a self-schema?

A

a self-schema is the framework of information an individual has about themselves such as “I am worthy of love” or “I am not worthy of love”

39
Q

what are negative self-schemas?

A

negative self-schemas are components of becks cognitive theory of depression where individuals focus on negative aspects of themselves

40
Q

what is an ineptness schema?

A

an ineptness schema is a belief held by some depressed individuals that they will fail at everything they try

41
Q

what is a negative self-evaluation schema?

A

a negative self-evaluation schema involves individuals constantly reminding themselves of their worthlessness

42
Q

what is a strength of becks cognitive theory in treating depression?

A

it has practical applications, such as CBT(cognitive behavioural therapy), which helps identify, challenge and change irrational thoughts

43
Q

how does CBT demonstrate external validity?

A

it can be applied in real setting to help individuals suffering from depression

44
Q

what supporting evidence is there for becks theory?

A

Grazioli and terry (2000) found that pregnant women vulnerable to depression were more likely to experience post-natal depression

45
Q

what does the evidence from grazioli and Terry suggest about becks cognitive approach?

A

it can be used to identify vulnerabilities in individuals and trigger interventions to delay or prevent depression

46
Q

what limitation does becks theory have regarding irrational thoughts?

A

it highlights characterisitics of irrational thinking but does not explain why these thoughts occur or their origins

47
Q

what does the lack of explanatory power mean for becks theory?

A

it fails to adequately explain the origins of irrational thoughts related to depression

48
Q

what biological factors does becks theory overlook?

A

it does not consider the role of genetics and neurotransmitters (especially serotonin) in depression

49
Q

What does the omission of biological factors indicate about Beck’s theory?

A

It lacks a holistic approach, viewing depression solely through a cognitive lens.

50
Q
A

psychology (11 decks)

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