Dentifrices and Hypersensitivity Flashcards by Michael McMahan

What is the active ingredient in most toothpastes?

Fluoride (MPF)

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The following are \_\_\_\_\_\_
Silicas
Carbonates
Phosphates
- used to remove surface stains

Abrasive agents

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The following are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_:
Aluminum
Calcium
Tin
- used to make tooth more slick

Polishing agents

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\_\_\_\_\_\_ depends on 
▪Hardness
▪Size
▪Shape
▪Brushing Technique
▪Pressure of Brush
▪Hardness of bristles
▪Direction of brushing stroke
▪Number of strokes

Abrasiveness

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Sorbitol
Manitol
Glycerin
Propylene Glycol
Maintain moisture 
Prevent evaporation
Prevent hardening
Increase shelf life

Humectants

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What is the abrasive/polishing agent used with MPF in toothpastes?

Calcium carbonate

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Natural Gums
Synthetic Cellulose
Seaweed Extracts
Thickening Agent
Stabilizes 
Prevents solids from settling out

Binders

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\_\_\_\_\_\_ needs to be:
▪Pleasant
▪Immediate
▪Long lasting
Synthetic:
Spearmint      Cinnamon
Wintermint Peppermint
Vanilla     Citrus
Essential Oils:
Thymol Menthol
Eucalyptol      Methyl Salicylate

Flavoring agents

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*Saccharin
*Cyclamate
Sorbitol
Mannitol
Glycerin
*Xylitol
** - Agents that serve as
humectants
-Used to counteract bitterness of

Sweeteners

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▪ Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)
▪ Stable/compatible
▪ Some antibacterial properties
▪ Flavor easy to mask
▪ Low surface tension
Soaps
▪ Used in Early Toothpaste
▪ Disadvantages
▪ Irritating
▪ Flavor is difficult to mask
▪ Incompatible

Surfactant (Forming agent)

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*All ADA Accepted toothpastes contain ________

Fluoride

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No ADA Accepted toothpaste contains ______

sugar

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What are the 3 types of fluoride used in anti-caries toothpaste?

NaF Sodium Fluoride
MFP
SnF2

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Most OTC toothpastes are _____ ppm

1,000 ppm

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Reported activity against:
- Caries
- Plaque
- Gingivitis
Research indicates superior 
efficacy:
- Antimicrobial
- Plaque**
- Gingivitis/gingival bleeding
- Calculus control

Stannous Fluoride

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What is the most common ingredient in anti-hypersensitivity toothpaste?

Potassium Nitrate

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What are the 2 *ANTI-HYPERSENSITIVITY toothpaste inredients?

Potassium nitrate

Stannous Fluoride

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What are the 2 ingrediens for anti-gingivitis toothpastes?

Stannous Fluoride

Triclosan

Contain:
Sodium bicarbonate
Silicate
Fluoride

baking soda toothpastes

▪Tartar control toothpaste
▪Crystalline growth inhibitors interrupt
process of mineralization
▪Soluble pyrophosphates

▪Tartar control toothpaste

Do baking soda toothpastes more effective than regular toothpastes?

What are added to tartar control toothpastes?

Soluble pyrophosphates

Whitening toothpastes control stains via ______ methods:

• Abrasives

• Physical Methods

Whitening toothpastes control stains via ______ methods:
• Surface active agents or
bleaching/oxidizing
agents

• Chemical Mechanisms

The following are used in _____ toothpastes * Hydrated silica * Titanium dioxide * Hydrogen Peroxide * Carbamide Peroxide

Whitening toothpastes

Short sharp pain when stimulus reaches exposed dentin

Dentinal hypersensitivity

What are the 4 modes of dentinal hypersensitivity?

thermal tactile Chemical Evaporative

Run from pulp to the outer dentinal surface Can either be open or plugged Number of tubules varies Contain Tomes fibers Extend into the dentinal tubules from the odontoblasts that communicate with the pulp

Dentinal tubules

_______ Dentin •Tubules open to cavity •Large number of tubules

Hypersensitive Dentin

•Deposit of Salivary Proteins •Debris from toothpaste and other matter

Smear Layer

Stimuli are transmitted to the pulp surface due to the movement of fluid or semi-fluid within open dentinal tubules

Brannstroms hydrodynamic theory

What are the 2 mains ways dentinal hypersensitivty occurs?

Enamel loss | Gingival recession

What are the 4 forms of enamel loss leading to dentinal tubules?

Abrasion Bruxism Abfraction Erosion

What is the most common cause of enamel loss?

erosion

Are males or females more prone to have hypersensitivity?

Females

What age group is most prone to have hypersensitivity?

20-40 yrs old

What percentage of the population have hypersensitivity?

57%

How long does sensitivity take to work?

2 weeks

Significantly reduce hypersensitivity immediately after treatment Reduces dentin permeability

Glutaraldehyde/HEMA based agents - GLUMMA

Forms a barrier over exposed dentin | Relief provided by calcium fluoride deposits

5% Sodium Fluoride Varnish

``` Casein phosphopeptide – amorphous calcium phosphate Mechanism of action: - replaces calcium and phosphate ions Use: - apply with a prophy cup - at home use -applied after brushing teeth* ```

MI Paste | Recaldent (CPP-ACP)

At home treatment for hypersensitivity: Dentifrices containing 5% potassium nitrate Works by penetrating the length of the tubule and preventing repolarization Frequent and regular application is needed

Interference with neural transmission

At home treatment for hypersensitivity: Main active ingredient is fluoride *Stannous Fluoride – most commonly used *Arginine and calcium carbonate Prescription Strength Fluoride Toothpaste 5,000 ppm (1.1% Sodium Fluoride) – Colgate PreviDent®

Tubule Occlusion