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Sociology - Family > demography > Flashcards

demography Flashcards

1
Q

define birth rate

A

the number of live births per thousand of the population per year

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2
Q

what is the trend with the UK’s total fertility rate (TFR)

A
  • has risen in recent years, but has ultimately decreased over time
  • was at an all time low in 2001 with 1.63 children per woman
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3
Q

what are 2 reasons for the change in the fertility and birth rate

A
  • women are increasingly remaining childless now
  • women are having children at older ages, and so produce fewer children
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4
Q

outline changes in women’s positions as a reason for the declining birth rate + Harper’s view

A
  • there have been changes in W’s positions;
  • legal equality with men/ right to vote,
  • increased educational opportunities,
  • more W in paid employment,
  • changes in attitudes to family life,
    and easier access to divorce, contraception, abortion
  • Harper: the education of W is the most important factor in the fall in the BR + FR due to changed mindsets, larger focus on career, educated W are more likely to family plan - they are delaying childbearing or not doing it at all
  • Harper: once a pattern of less children lasts for 1 generation, cultural norms about family sizes change
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5
Q

outline decline in infant mortality rate as a reason for the declining birth rate + Harper’s view

A
  • infant mortality rate (IMR): the number of infants who die before their first birthday per thousand babies born alive per year
  • Harper: a fall in the IMR leads to a fall in the BR as if infants die, parents will have more to replace them - vice versa
  • in 1900 the UK’s IMR was 154
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6
Q

outline children being economic liability’s as a reason for the declining birth rate

A
  • until the late 1800s, children were economic assets as they could earn an income from an early age
  • however since then, children have increasingly become an economic liability due to;
  • laws banning child labour, compulsory education, raising school leaving age mean children remain economically dependent on their parents for longer
  • changing norms about what children should be able to expect from their parents material wise
  • due to this, parents feel less able/ willing to have kids
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7
Q

outline recent birth rate trends + its cause

A
  • there has been a slight increase since 2001
  • this is due to an increase in immigration as usually mothers outside of the UK have more children than those UK born
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8
Q

outline child centeredness as a reason for the declining birth rate

A
  • increasing child centeredness means that childhood is now seen as an important period in someone’s life
  • this has encouraged a shift from quantity to quality - parents now have fewer children who they spend more attention and money on
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9
Q

outline the effect of family size on the family

A
  • smaller families mean that women are more likely to go to work, creating more dual burden families
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10
Q

outline the effects of fertility on the dependency ratio

A
  • dependency ratio = the ratio between the size of the working and non-working population
  • earnings, savings and taxes of the working population are used to support the NW population in which children and the elderly make up a large portion of
  • in the long term, less children being born means less young adults/ a smaller working population to support the NW and so the ratio will increase
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11
Q

outline the concept of vanishing children

A
  • falling fertility rate means fewer children being born. thus, childhood may become more a lonelier experience as children will have less siblings to grow up with
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12
Q

outline the effects of fertility on public services and policies

A
  • a lower BR results in fewer schools, child care/ health services being needed
  • it also affects the cost of maternity and paternity leave
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13
Q

outline McKeown’s theory on improved nutrition as a reason for the decline in the death rate

A
  • McKeown: improved nutrition accounts for half the reduction in the DR as better nutrition increases body resistance to infection and increases survival chances of those who did contract the disease
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14
Q

outline the ageing population

A
  • there’s an ageing population; the avg age of the population is rising due to women having fewer babies
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15
Q

in 1900, the DR was __ compared to _ in 2012

A
  • in 1900, the DR was 19 compared to 9 in 2012
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16
Q

define the death rate

A
  • the number of deaths per thousand of the population per year
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17
Q

what is the reason for the declining death rate according to Tranter

A
  • Tranter: over 3/4 of the decline in the DR was due to a fall in the number of deaths from infectious diseases as they were most common in kids and most of the decline in the DR occurred among children
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18
Q

what is an evaluation (AO3) of McKeown

A
  • McKeown doesnt explain why women, who receive a smaller share of a family food share, lived longer than men
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19
Q

outline medical improvements as a reason for the decline in the death rate

A
  • after the 1950s, improved medical knowledge, techniques and organisation did help to reduce death rates
  • e.g. discovery of antibiotics, x-rays, blood transfusions, NHS 1948, surgery etc
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20
Q

outline changing smoking and diet habits as a reason for the decline in the death rate + Harper’s view

A
  • Harper: the greatest reason for the fall in the DR is due to less people smoking. however, since the 21st century, obesity has replaced smoking as a new health epidemic
  • yet, although obesity has increased, deaths from obesity have kept low due to drug therapies
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21
Q

outline public health measures as a reason for the decline in the death rate

A
  • in the 20th century, there have been public health measures to improve public health + the quality of the environment
  • e.g. improvements in housing (drier, better ventilated, less crowded), purer drinking water, improved sewage disposal, Clean Air Acts
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22
Q

outline other social changes as a reason for the decline in the death rate

A
  • decline in dangerous manual occupations - e.g. mining
  • smaller families reduced the rate of transmission of infection
  • greater public knowledge of illness
  • higher incomes, allows for healthier lifestyle
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23
Q

outline the class, gender and regional differences of life expectancy

A
  • women live longer than men, but in recent years this gap had narrowed due to changes in employment + lifestyle (more W smoking)
  • W/C men in unskilled/routine jobs are 3x more likely to die before they are 65 than men in professional jobs
  • Walker: those living in the poorest areas die on avg 7 years earlier than those living in the richest areas
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24
Q

what is the trend of the ageing population

A
  • the avg age of the UK population is rising
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25
Q

outline life expectancy + Harper’s view

A
  • life expectancy = how long on avg a person born in a certain year can expect to live to
  • over the past 2 centuries, LE has increased by about 2 years per decade
  • Harper :predicts that we will soon achieve ‘radical longevity’ with more centenarians (people aged over 100)
26
Q

what are the 3 main factors in the ageing population

A
  • increasing life expectancy: people are living longer into older ages
  • declining infant mortality: less people die in early life
  • declining fertility: fewer young people are being born in relation to the number of older people
27
Q

outline the effects of the ageing population on public services

A
  • old people consume more services such as health and social care services than other age groups
  • this is particularly true of the ‘old old’ (75yrs+)
  • an ageing population may also result in a revision of policies / provisions of housing, transport and other services
28
Q

outline the effects of the ageing population on one-pensioner households

A
  • the number of pensioners living alone has increased and OPH now account for 1 in 8 of all households
  • most of these are women, as they live longer and are usually younger than their husbands
29
Q

outline the effects of the ageing population on the dependency ratio

A
  • the economically dependent need to be looked after by the working population
  • as the number of retired people rises, the DR increases and so does the burden on the WP
  • in 2015, there were 3.2 people of working age compared to every 1 pensioner
30
Q

whats an evaluation for the dependency ratio rising due to the ageing population

A
  • its wrong to assume than ‘old’ means economically dependent - e.g. the retirement age is rising
  • the increase of old people raising the DR is offset by the fewer children being born
31
Q

outline the effects of the ageing population on ageism

A
  • with the ageing population, comes more ageism (the negative stereotyping + unequal treatment of people on the basis of their age)
  • ageism towards older people is show in discrimination in employment, and unequal treatment in health care
32
Q

outline an example of ageism

A
  • ageism is a result of ‘structured dependency’ - the old are largely excluded form paid work, leaving them economically dependent on their families/ the state
33
Q

outline postmodern society and old age

A
  • postmodernists argue that in todays PM society, orderly life stages have broken down - e.g. children doing more ‘adult’ activities at a young age (dressing like adults, drug use, sex, crimes etc), later marriage, earlier retirement
  • this gives individuals a greater choice + sense of freedom about their lives
  • consumption becomes the key to our identities - we are defined by what we consume
  • Hunt: this allows us to choose a lifestyle regardless of age
34
Q

outline inequality among the old

A
  • Pilcher: even thought the orderly life stages have broken down, inequalities such as class and gender remain important
  • poorer old people have a lower life expectancy. M/C old people have higher pensions from higher paid jobs
  • women’s lower earnings + career breaks means lower pensions. W are also subject to ageist stereotypes - e.g. being called old hags
35
Q

outline the effects of the ageing population on policy implications

A
  • Hirsch: many important social policies will need to change to tackle the rising problems with the ageing population
  • e.g. how to finance a longer period of old age
  • housing policy needs to change to encourage older people to ‘trade down’ into smaller accommodation which would free up housing for younger people
36
Q

define net migration

A
  • the difference between the numbers of immigrants and emigrants and is expressed as a net increase or decrease
37
Q

outline the pattern of ethnically diverse immigration into the UK

A
  • from 1900 until WW2, UK immigrants were mostly irish, followed by eastern EUR / jews fleeing prosecution. very few immigrants were non-white
  • during the 1950s, black carribiean immigrants came followed by south asain immigrants (bangladeshi, pakistan, sri lanka) in the 60s and 70s
38
Q

outline a reason for the limited non-white immigrants

A
  • there were a series of immigration and nationality acts from the 60s-90s placing severe limitations on non-white immigration
39
Q

what is the overall trend of immigration and emmigration

A
  • more people emigrated from the UK than people immigrated into the UK
40
Q

give examples of both push and pull factors

A
  • push: political conflict, racial persecution,
  • pull: higher wages, better job opportunities
41
Q

whats an impact of migration on the UK population structure

A
  • there are now more immigrants than emigrants;
  • net migration is high; 260,000 in 2014
  • 47% of immigrants were non-EUR
  • there has also been an increase in the population due to more births from non UK mothers (25% of all births are from non UK mums)
42
Q

whats an impact of migration on the UK age structure

A
  • immigration lowers the avg age of the population directly + indirectly
  • directly: immigrants are generally younger
  • indirectly: being younger, IM are more fertile and thus produce more babies
43
Q

define globalisation

A
  • globalisation: the idea that boundaries between countries/ society are disappearing and people are becoming increasingly connected
44
Q

whats an impact of migration on the UK dependency ratio

A
  • immigrants are more likely to be of working age - lowers the DR
  • however, because they are younger, they have more children which increases the DR
  • the longer a group is settled in a country, the closer their fertility rate comes to the national avg, reducing their overall impact on the DR
45
Q

what processes is globalisation the result of

A
  • the growth of communication systems + global media
  • creation of global markets
  • the fall of communism
46
Q

outline the effects of globalisation on the acceleration of migration

A
  • the rate of migration has sped up
  • United Nations: from 2000-2013, international migration increased by 33%
47
Q

outline the effects of globalisation on the acceleration of differentiation

A
  • globalisation increases the differentiation of migrant types
  • there are many types of migrants (permanent settlers, temporary workers, asylum seekers etc)
  • some may have legal entitlement, others wont
  • super-diversity (Vertovec): migrants now come from a wider range of countries
48
Q

differentiation: outline super-diversity

A
  • Vertovec: is a product of globalisation.
  • migrants now come from a wider range of countries
49
Q

differentiation: define Cohen’s 3 types of migrants

A
  • citizens = have full citizenship rights (e.g. voting rights)
  • denizens = privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state (e.g billionaire oligarchs (highly powerful business leader))
  • helots = the most exploited, are regarded as ‘disposable units of labour power’. may be legally tied / are domestic servants
50
Q

outline the feminisation of migration

A
  • contrary to in the past, now, most migrants are female
  • Ehrenreich + Hochschild: care, domestic and sex work in western countries are increasingly done by women from LICs (low income countries)
51
Q

what are the 4 factors increasing Ehenreich + Hochschild’s findings about the feminisation of migration

A

1) expansion of service occupations in west countries had led to inc demand for female labour
2) west women have joined the labour force and so are less willing to do the domestic work
3) west men remain unwilling to do the domestic work
4) failure of state to provide adequate child care

52
Q

what did Shute find about the feminisation of migration

A
  • 40% of adult care nurses in the UK are migrants - most of which are female
53
Q

outline migrant identities

A
  • we have multiple sources of identity: nationality, ethnicity, gender, class, religion etc
  • migrants may develop hybrid identities made up of 2 different sources
  • Eade: 2nd gen Bengali Muslims in Britain created hierarchal identities - seeing themselves as Muslim first, then Bengali, then British
  • those with hierarchal identities may be ostracised
54
Q

outline transnational identities

A
  • Erikson: globalisation has led to more diverse migration patterns, with back and fourth movements rather than permanent settlement
  • as a result, migrants are less likely to see themselves as belonging to one country and rather develop TI
  • the globalised economy allows migrants o have links to other migrants around the world
55
Q

outline the politicisation of migration

A
  • with an increased global flow of migration, it has become an important political issue
  • states now have policies to control immigration, help absorb migrants into society and to deal with increased cultural diversity
56
Q

the politicisation of migration: define assimilation

A
  • assimilation = the first state policy approach to immigration. it aimed to encourage migrants to adopt the language, values ad customs of the host culture (assimilation)
  • however, migrants with transnational identities may be unwilling to abandon their culture to fully adopt the new one of their host country
57
Q

the politicisation of migration: multiculturalism

A
  • Eriksen: multiculturalism accepts that migrants may wish to keep a separate cultural identity. this acceptance of cultural diversity may be limited to superficial aspects of cultural diversity
  • shallow diversity = regarding chicken tikka masala as Britain’s national dish is acceptable to the state
  • deep diversity = arranged marriages or the veiling of women is not acceptable to the state
58
Q

whats an evaluation of multiculturalism

A
  • some multicultural policies create shallow diversity
  • they fail to address the deeper problems facing children from migrant backgrounds - such as racism
59
Q

what has been the pattern of multicultrualism

A
  • form the 60s, there was a move towards MC, but since the 2001 9/11 attack, many politicians have gone back to wanting full assimilation
  • e.g. in France, wearing a headscarf in public was made illegal in 2010
60
Q

whats Castle’s evaluation of MC

A
  • Castle’s: assimilationist policies are counter-productive because they mark minority groups as ‘other’
  • this can lead to minorities responding by emphasising their differences - e.g. with Islamic fundamentalism. this can lead to further marginalisation
61
Q

____: the avg age was __ years, compared to __ years in 2013

A
  • 1971: the avg age was 34 years, compared to 40 years in 2013

Sociology - Family (7 decks)

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