Demographic Trends Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meant by demography?

A

The study of population

Includes looking t changes to: birth/ death rates, life expectancy etc.

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2
Q

Define birth rate

A

The number of live births per 1,000 of the population per year

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3
Q

Define total fertility rate

A

The average number of children 1 woman will have between the ages of 15-44

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4
Q

What is the average total fertility rate?

A

1.9

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5
Q

Define death rate

A

The number of deaths per 1,000 of the population per year

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6
Q

Define infant mortality rate (IMR)

A

The number f children dying before their 1st birthday per 1,000 live births per year

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7
Q

What is the dependency ratio?

A

The proportion of dependents per 100 working-age population

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8
Q

Define life expectancy

A

The average number of years that a person can be expected to live

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9
Q

Define migration

A

Moving to another country for a period of at least a year

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10
Q

Define immigration

A

Entering another country for a period of at least a year, so that it becomes your usual place of residence

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11
Q

Define emigration

A

Leaving your usual country of residence for at least a year, to live in another country

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12
Q

Define net migration

A

The difference between the no. of immigrants coming into a country + the no. of emigrants leaving a country in a year

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13
Q

Natural change

A

Changes in the size of the population due to changes in the no. of births + deaths, including migration

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14
Q

Define globalisation

A

The way in which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected, causing time and space to seem compressed

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15
Q

What is an ageing population?

A

When people are living longer so the average age of the population is increasing

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16
Q

What is happening to the BR in the UK?

What was it in 1901 compared to 2012?

A

BR = decreasing

29 vs 12.2

17
Q

What is happening to the TFR in the UK?

What was it in 1901 compared to 2012?

A

TFR = decreasing

3.5 vs 1.9

18
Q

What is happening to the DR in the UK?

What was it in 1901 compared to 2012?

A

DR = decreasing

18.4 vs 9.3

19
Q

What is happening to the IMR in the UK?

What was it in 1901 compared to 2012?

A

IMR = decreasing

142 vs 4

20
Q

What is happening to the life expectancy in the UK?

What was it in 1901 compared to 2012?

A

Life expectancy = increasing

45 vs 80

21
Q

What is happening to the dependency ratio in the UK?

What was it in 1901 compared to 2012?

A

Dependency ratio = increasing

34 vs 53

22
Q

Give 4 causes of decreasing BR + fertility rates since 1900

A
  1. Changes in gender roles (W delay, contraception, abortion, EPA 1970, education)
  2. Falling IMR (higher living standards, health care etc)
  3. Increased cost of child-rearing (school = extended, more child-centred - have less to give them the best)
  4. Changing attitudes (other family types more accepted, Beck + Gernsheim: individualisation)
23
Q

Describes Beck + Gernscheim’s process of individualisation

A

People have become more concerned with their own needs

No longer have to follow traditional norms but can make their on decisions e.g about marriage + having children

24
Q

How could you explain the slight increase in BR recently?

2

A
  1. Migration patterns (people moving into UK)
    Migrants tend to be young adults (child-bearing age) + average migrant families = bigger than non-migrants
  2. Older W having children through reproductive technology e.g. IVF
25
Q

Give 3 consequences of the decrees in fertility + BR

A
  1. increased dependency ratio - less children, less ppl of working age in next generation, greater no. of dependant ppl :(
  2. Strain on public services - redundancies could be made; less demand e.g. in schools/ hospitals :(
  3. Further change sin GR - W have more time for careers, may lead to equality? :)
26
Q

Give 4 causes of the decrease in DR + the increase in life expectancy

A
  1. The Beverage Report - greater G help for elderly/sick e.g. NHS, welfare benefits, pensions, care homes etc.
  2. Medical advances - antibiotics, vaccinations (TB/ measles), operations
  3. Improved hygiene + nutrition - rapid decline in absolute poverty in 20th cent (McKeown)
  4. Improved maternity care - NHS, decline in IMR, helped lower DR overall
27
Q

What does McKeown argue is the man cause for the decrease in DR + increase in life expectancy?

A

Improved nutrition + living standards
Better nutrition helps increase better resistance to infectious diseases
BUT fails to explain why W live longer than M, even though they received less food

28
Q

Give 5 consequences of the decrease in DR + increase in life expectancy

A
  1. Increased dependancy ratio - ageing pop, ‘pension timebomb’
  2. Increased family diversity - more beanpole/ lone/ widowed
  3. Increased strain to care for elderly - G no longer afford to provide care homes, burden usually falls on W
  4. Increased role of Gparents - allows both parents to work, ‘neo-conventional’
  5. Increased opportunities for older people - ageing population results in longer more fulfilling retirement period, ‘+ve ageing’ (Blaikie 1999)
29
Q

Describe the term ‘pension timebomb’

A

Due to the ageing population
Around 1/2 welfare budget is already spent on pensions + elderly use NHS more:
50% of people in hospital + 60% of all prescribed drugs in 2013, even though over 65s make up 20% of population

G: increased pension age to 68 by 2018

30
Q

What does Peter Townsend (1981) say about old age?

A

-ve attitudes towards the elderly in S are a resit of ‘old age’ being a socially constructed as a period of dependancy e.g. statutory retirement age which most people are expected to retire by

31
Q

What does Hirsch propose as a solution to the ageing population?

A

Argues that policy changes aren’t enough to cope with ageing population
NEED to change CULTURAL views towards ageing too + recognise it as a social construct
e.g. need to move away from idea that people NEED to retire at 60-65

32
Q

Give 4 causes of increased migration

A
  1. Increased international trade - greater opportunities to move
  2. Increase in global media/ new tech - know more about the world, encouragement move to better area, tech diminishes distance, stay connected (Litwak -‘modified extended fam)
  3. Increased transport links - air travel, low-cost (easy jet), cheaper + easier to migrate
  4. Political changes - creation of new international bodies (EU), fewer visa restrictions
    e. g. EU members can work/ live in any EU country without a visa
33
Q

Give 4 consequences of increased migration

A
  1. More family diversity - African Caribbean (matrifocal) vs India (extended)
  2. Increased population - lack of housing BUT more workers. Immigrant W have higher total fertility rate (2.2)
  3. Strains public services (NHS/ Ed), currently shortage of midwives + p. school teachers
  4. Lower average of population - immigrants = young adults, dependancy ratio not as high, can contribute (TAX) BUT more children (young dependants) = ££ for state e.g. free Ed
34
Q

What is the main demographic trend that has created greater ethnic/ family diversity?

A

Immigration

35
Q

What 2 ethnic groups have a higher proportion of lone parent families?

A
  1. Black Caribbean

2. Black African