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Sociology Fam + households > Childhood > Flashcards

Childhood Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does Wagg (1992) argue about childhood?

A

= no one universal experience of childhood

= social construct (created + defined by S)

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2
Q

What can be used as evidence to support Wagg’s view of childhood?

A

Cross cultural studies

Pilcher/ Malinowski

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3
Q

Why does the west generally view children as fundamentally different to adults? (4)

A
  1. Physically + psychologically immature
  2. In need of protection
  3. In need of socialisation (learn to become an adult)
  4. Not yet competent to run their own lives
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4
Q

What does Pilcher argue about the western view of childhood?

A

Childhood = separate, distinct life stage

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5
Q

What are the 4 ways that Pilcher argues that childhood is separate?

A
  1. Laws (different + ones to protect)
  2. Different products + services
  3. Different lifestyle/ activities (CH = golden age)
  4. Seen as innocent + vulnerable
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6
Q

Describe Punch’s (2001) work on CH?

How is this different to the Western view?

A

Research on children in Bolivia
SHE found at age 5, children = expected to have work responsibilities in home + community

West, children = in school at age 5

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7
Q

Describe Malinowski’s (1957) work on CH?

How is this different to the Western view?

A

Research on Trobriand Islanders
Found they have tolerant view of child’s sexuality
Adults have ‘amused interest’ in child becoming sexually aware
= tolerant of them exploring their sexuality

West, children = viewed as innocent (until 16)

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8
Q

What 2 things do most sociologists agree upon in terms of CH?

A
  1. = fairly recent notion

2. Changed significantly over time, social construct (further support for Wagg)

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9
Q

What was Aries (1960) view on childhood?

A

Children in the Middle Ages = ‘mini adults’

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10
Q

What does Aries call the 20th century?

A

‘Century of the child’

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11
Q

What was CH like in the 10-13 century according to Aries?

A

Adults and children have the same: rights, jobs + clothes

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12
Q

What changes to CH occurred in the late 13th century according to Aries?

A

Schools became focused on educating young

Prev aslo educated adults

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13
Q

How does Aries describe CH during the 17th century?

A

Clothes = separate

Children becoming visually separate

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14
Q

What was introduced in the 18th century?

Why was this significant for Aries?

A

Handbooks on child rearing became available

Beginning of child-centered family life

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15
Q

What changes does Aries see in the 20th century for children? (2)

A
  1. Childhood is seen as a very special time

2. ‘The century of the child’

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16
Q

What does Aries call the 20th century?

What has this led to?

A

‘The century of the child’
CH = seen as very special time
Led to modern ‘cult of CH’
S = obsessed with CH

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17
Q

What are the 2 strengths of Aries’ work?

A
  1. Evidence that CH = socially constructed
  2. Supported by Shorter (1975)
    - when IMR = high parents placed less value on them; wouldn’t live past age 1
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18
Q

How would Shorter (1975) support Aries?

A

Argues when IMR = high, parents placed less value on them (wouldn’t live past age 1)

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19
Q

How would Pollock criticise Aries’?

A

Critical of Aries’ view that CH developed after Middle Ages

Argues that CH DID exist in Middle Ages, but it was just different

20
Q

What are 3 problems with Aries studying paintings from the Middle Ages?

A
  1. From the middle ages
  2. Class bias (only upper class, unrepresentative)
  3. Research based on his own interpretations (subjective)
21
Q

Give 2 examples of recent laws that have led to a change in CH

A
  1. Factory Acts, grad. removed children from workplace
    £ asset vs. £ dependent on parents
  2. = was specific to protecting children
22
Q

How has the introduction of compulsory schooling changed CH?

A

Extended until the age of 18
Further extends children’s dependency on parents
(Burden not asset)

23
Q

How has the decline in family size changed CH?

A

Parents make more of an emotional/ £ investment in children

Place more value on them; = less of them

24
Q

Why does Donzelot (1977) argue that there has been a MOP in CH?

A

Children = more protected now

25
Q

Give 4 reasons why it could be argued that there has been a MOP in CH

A
  1. Smaller family sizes, more valued (Shorter)
  2. Better cared for, child protection laws
  3. Better education, compulsory until age 18
  4. Have more rights, education + protection + health care (paediatrics)
26
Q

What do sociologists view S + the family as, if they believe that there has been a MOP in CH?

A

Child-centered
Children = focal point
e.g. much of the media = aimed at children

27
Q

How do conflict theorists criticise the MOP view?

A
  1. Argues S = based on inequalities of power, has -ve impacts on children
  2. MOP = based on false idealised image, ignores inequality

Argues CH may have improved BUT not for all (CAGE)

28
Q

What did Brannen find in relation to ethnicity?

A

Asian parent with 15/16 yr old children = more likely to be stricter than other parents towards daughters

29
Q

What did Howard find in relation to class?

A

Children born into poor families are more likely to:

  • Fall behind at school
  • Have a longstanding illness
  • Shorter
30
Q

What did Hillman find in relation to gender?

A

Boys = allowed to stay out later + go out unaccompanied

Girls do more domestic chores

31
Q

Why do conflict theorists argue there are inequalities between adults + children?

A

‘Protection + supervision’
Justification
Gives adults significant control over children + lives

32
Q

Who uses the term ‘age patriarchy’?

Why?

A

Gittins
Describes the way adults dominate, oppress + control children
e.g. choose what they eat, wear, sleep etc.

33
Q

What does Postman (1982) argue about CH?

Give 2 reasons why

A

= gradually disappearing;

  1. Children have same rights/ clothes etc
  2. Children commit ‘adult’ crimes
34
Q

Give 2 strengths of the ‘New sociology of CH’

A
  1. Allows us to appreciate diversity of CH within 1 S

2. Recognises that children play role in shaping own lives, not completely controlled by adults

35
Q

Give 2 weaknesses of the ‘New sociology of CH’

A
  1. Adults DO play sig. role in shaping lives of children
    e. g. laws that restrict Childs activity
  2. = evidence suggesting that CH = social construct + S you live in DOES have huge impact on your experience of CH
36
Q

When should you NEVER talk about Aries?

A

If the question asks how childhood has changed in the past 40 years.
Aries talks about childhood form over 400 years ago!

37
Q

What does Postman (1982) blame the disappearance of CH on?

A

TV + the accessibility of adult content

CH = no longer as protected

38
Q

What does Opie argue about CH?

A

It will stay separate in the future
= CH culture
e.g. books, toys etc.

39
Q

What does postmodernist Jenks argue about CH?

A

**

40
Q

What does Palmer argue about CH?

A

‘Toxic CH’
Technology damages a Childs development
(physical, intellectual, emotional)
Only get worse in the future

41
Q

What is the ‘New sociology of CH’?

A

Way of criticising view that CH = social construct
If we see CH this way, children become passive objects who play no role in shaping own lives
BUT, not always the case
(Smart, Mason + Tipper)

42
Q

What sociologists come under the ‘New sociology of CH’?

2

A
  1. Smart

2. Mason + Tipper

43
Q

What does Smart say about CH?

A

Children play role in shaping family life
Need to consider this
SHE found evidence of this in divorcing families, children played central role in making experience more comfortable for everyone

44
Q

What do Mason + Tipper say about CH?

A

Argues = evidence that children have active role in shaping their lives
Children often take control of who they consider family
e.g call family friend ‘Aunt’

45
Q

** stats …

A

** stats …

Sociology Fam + households (16 decks)

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