Deck 7 (Week 8)

Question 1

True or False?
Males typically have a higher bone mineral density (BMD) than females

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Define Bone Resorption

Answer 2

The process of osteoclasts breaking down bone to release its minerals into the blood, a normal process for bone remodelling.

Becomes an issue when bone resorption rates are higher than what can be replaced.

Question 3

List some risk factors associated with poor bone health:

Answer 3

Early menopause, estrogen deficiency, hyperthyroidism, low Calcium intake, sedentary and inactive lifestyle, smoking, alcohol

Question 4

What is the Gold Standard in assessing Bone Mineral Density?

Answer 4

a DEXA scan
(Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for those curious teehee)

Question 5

What is the difference between osteopenia and osteoporosis

Answer 5

Osteopenia and osteoporosis are conditions that lead to a loss of bone mass and density, which can increase the risk of bones breaking. Osteopenia is the initial stage of bone loss, which can progress to the more severe osteoporosis.

Question 6

What % of the Australian male and female population is affected by Osteoporosis?

Answer 6

Roughly 25% of women and 8% of men are affected by Osteoporosis.

Question 7

What is Osteoporosis?

Answer 7

The excessive loss of bone mass with a BMD T-score around -2.5 and below

Question 8

What is a T-Score and why is it important?

Answer 8

The T-score represents your bone’s condition compared to an average healthy person’s bones. The T-score helps categorise what condition an individual has: Osteopenia-Osteoporosis

Question 9

What are the BMD T-score classifications?

Answer 9

A T-score of -1 and above is considered normal.

-1 to -2.5 is a sign of Osteopenia: BMD is below normal and can develop Osteoporosis without treatment

-2.5 and below: Indicative of Osteoporosis: more porous bone is more prone to fractures

Question 10

What is the Female Athlete Triad comprised of?

Answer 10

Female Athlete Triad consists of:
- Disordered Eating
- Osteoporosis
- Amenorrhea (absence of menstruation and typically hormone related)

Question 11

What are some common symptoms of Osteoporosis?

Answer 11

Back pain, loss of height, pain on weight bearing, hunched posture, fracture of the wrist and hip bones (fractures can occur anywhere else)

Question 12

How much BMD loss could a female during menopause (roughly 45-55yr old) experience due to reduced estrogen production?

Answer 12

During menopause, women can lose from 1%/year up to 5+%/year.
Das crazy

Question 13

Which type of bone is more at risk of a fracture? Cortical or Trabecular bone? Why is it more at risk of fracturing?

Answer 13

Trabecular bone is more likely to fracture due to:
1) Greater bone turnover
2) Larger remodelling area than Cortical bone

Question 14

What are some factors associated with falls risk?

Answer 14

Lack of: Strength, balance, power, vision

Postural Hypotension (dizzy/lightheadedness)

Footwear and environment

Question 15

What is the current mortality rate after 1 year of incurring a hip fracture? Roughly what % of hip fracture patients gain independence again?

Answer 15

A range of 12-20% of hip fracture patients pass away after 1 year.

50% never regain independence.

Question 16

What can previous falls/fear of falling result in?

Answer 16

1) Loss of confidence
2) Depression
3) Feeling helpless
4) Lowering mobility and activity

Question 17

Roughly how much Calcium should one with Osteoporosis be aiming to intake per day/per meal?

Answer 17

Approx 1200mg/day and up to 500mg of Calcium per serving.

Question 18

What % of bone deposition occurs during puberty?

Answer 18

90% of bone deposition occurs during puberty (very important part of life to optimise diet and exercise).

Question 19

Given exercise prescription for osteoporosis should focus on functional performance and balance, how intense should a program be for osteopenia and osteoporosis patients?

Answer 19

‘Healthier’ osteopenia patients can tolerate more intense sessions.

More ‘frail’ osteoporosis patients need extra focus on functional performance and improving balance.

Question 20

Why is Hydrotherapy not considered a ‘great’ form of treatment for osteoporosis?

Answer 20

It is helpful with sore joints.
HOWEVER
We are aiming to load the bones and stress them to condition them to ground reaction forces.

Question 21

What are the main goals of exercise for osteoporosis and osteopenia?

Answer 21

To reduce pain via improving strength, improving ADL performance

Reducing falls risk, improving and maintaining BMD