Deck 7

Question 1

Name the stages of local acute inflammatory response & characterise its 1st stage

Answer 1

-alteration: tissue injury
- PRIMARY ALTERATION: alteration of cellular function
1. depression of cellular respiration
2. decrease of ATP
3. exhaustion of ATP
Anaerobic glycolysis -> lactic acid -> metabolic acidosis -> damage of lysosomal enzymes
4. damage sub/intracellular structure

• SECONDARY ALTERATIONS: Na, K pump looses its operating capacity –> irregular transfer of H2O ions into cells
  -leakage of K, Mg from cell exchanged by Na. Ca from ECF -> dilatation of ER -> damage to ribosomes -> inhibition of proteosynthesis

-releasing & activation of mediators of inflammation
-formation of exudates & cellular migration
-cellular proliferation & repair of damaged tissue (healing)

Question 2

Classify hyper-hydration according to the proportion of excess of water & electrolytes, and describe the shift of body fluid

Answer 2

1. ISOTONIC HYPER-HYDRATION:
   -excess of water & electrolytes in ECF are equal
   -volume: ECF up, ICF no change. Osmolality & conc. of Na not changed
2. HYPOTONIC HYPER-HYDRATION
   -excess of water is higher than excess of electrolytes in ECF
   -volume: ICF & ECF up. Osmolality & conc. of Na decrease (in ECF)
3. HYPERTONIC HYPER-HYDRATION
   -excess of water is lower than excess of electrolytes in ECF
   -volume: ECF up, ICF down. Osmolality & conc. of Na increase. (in ECF)

Question 3

Characterise thrombocytopenia & describe principle mechanism of thrombocytopenia

Answer 3

• it is a reduction in the number of platelets in the blood

MECHANISM:
- due to decreased production (can be congenital or acquired)
- due to increased sequestration
- due to increased destruction
- due to increased utilisation

Question 4

Characterise thrombobastenia & describe several types of thrombastians

Answer 4

platelets numbers are normal but there is prolonged bleeding time due to deficiencies in platelets adhesion, aggregation or release. (congenital or acquired)

• disorders od platelet aggregation
• disorder of platelet secretion
• disorder of platelet pro-coagulant material activity (rare)

Question 5

What does it mean “hyper-segmentation of neutrophil”?

Answer 5

more than 3 lobes in the neutrophil nucleus –> means cells are older & environment is low in toxicity