Deck 4 Quiz Flashcards
Body condition scoring (BCS) is a system
is a system developed by vets to help assess correct weight
Indication for paravertebral block is used for what surgeries
rumenotomy, caeserean section
During preanesthetic evaluation of the patient you will not
check the ocular fungus (tror denne)
3 types of crystalloid solution
- Hypotonic - 0.45% NaCl or 2.5 % Dextran/NaCl
- Isotonic - 0.9 % NaCl
- Hypertonic - 7% NaCl
Percentage of hypertonic solution
0.45% NaCl or 2.5 % Dextran/NaCl
4 contamination levels of surgery
a. Clean
b. Clean - contaminated
c. Contaminated
d. Dirty
Surgical area is divided into 2 areas: where and what is included in each?
a. Clean area - operating theatre, scrub area, sterile stores
b. Contaminated area - patient preparation area, changing room.
Parameters that can be monitored during anaesthesia using senses (5stk)
…
define pulse oxymetry
Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive medical technique used to measure the oxygen saturation (SpO₂) level of a person’s blood. It provides an indirect estimate of arterial oxygen levels by detecting the percentage of hemoglobin in the blood that is saturated with oxygen.
This method uses a device called a pulse oximeter, which typically consists of a small probe or sensor that is placed on a thin part of the body, such as a fingertip, earlobe, or the foot in infants.
Key Metrics:
SpO₂ (oxygen saturation): Normal levels typically range from 95% to 100%.
Pulse rate: The device may also display the pulse rate (heartbeats per minute).
define tidal volume
Tidal volume (TV) refers to the amount of air that is inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath when the body is at rest. It is a key parameter in respiratory physiology and represents the volume of air moved into or out of the lungs with each breath under normal, unforced conditions.
write benzodiazepines + primary effect
Benzodiazepines:
A class of psychoactive drugs primarily used for their sedative and anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) properties. They act on the central nervous system by enhancing the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which reduces neural activity.
Primary Effects:
Anxiolytic (Anti-Anxiety): Relief of anxiety symptoms.
Sedative-Hypnotic: Induction of sleep and calming effects.
Muscle Relaxant: Reduction of muscle tension and spasms.
Anticonvulsant: Prevention or treatment of seizures.
Amnesic: Induces short-term memory impairment (useful during medical procedures).
Examples of Benzodiazepines and Common Uses:
- Diazepam (Valium): Anxiety, muscle spasms, seizures.
- Midazolam: Preoperative sedation and anesthesia.
side effects of acepromazine
Common Side Effects:
1. Sedation and Lethargy:
Drowsiness is the intended effect but may be excessive in some animals.
2. Hypotension:
Low blood pressure due to vasodilation, which can be problematic in dehydrated or critically ill animals.
3. Bradycardia:
Decreased heart rate, particularly in sensitive animals.
4. Decreased Respiratory Rate:
Mild respiratory depression, especially in high doses or when combined with other sedatives.
Breed-Specific Concerns:
1. Boxers:
Can experience profound bradycardia and hypotension; use with caution.
2. Brachycephalic Breeds (e.g., Bulldogs):
More prone to respiratory depression.
3. Giant Breeds and Greyhounds:
May exhibit exaggerated sedation due to sensitivity.
4. Terriers and Cats:
Often less sensitive to sedative effects and may require higher doses.
indication of atropine
Indications for Atropine in Veterinary Medicine:
1. Pre-Anesthetic Use:
To reduce salivation and respiratory secretions during surgery or anesthesia.
Helps prevent bradycardia (slow heart rate) associated with some anesthetics or surgical vagal stimulation.
2. Emergency Situations:
Bradycardia:
To treat severe bradycardia or heart block caused by increased vagal tone (e.g., during anesthesia, trauma, or drug reactions).
Cardiac Arrest:
Used during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to counteract vagal-mediated cardiac arrest.
3. Treatment of Organophosphate or Carbamate Toxicity:
Organophosphate poisoning inhibits acetylcholinesterase, leading to excessive parasympathetic stimulation. Atropine counteracts this by blocking muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
Symptoms treated include:
Salivation
Lacrimation (tear production)
Urination
Defecation
Bradycardia
Bronchoconstriction
4. Bronchodilation:
In some cases, used to alleviate bronchoconstriction (though other drugs, like beta-agonists, are more common for this purpose).
5. Ophthalmic Use:
To dilate the pupil (mydriasis) during eye exams or surgery.
To relieve pain and prevent adhesions in conditions like uveitis.
6. Gastrointestinal Spasms:
Occasionally used to reduce gastrointestinal motility and spasms in certain conditions.
Why barbiturates prolong recovery in these dogs - whippet, afghans etc)
Sight hounds like Whippets and Afghans experience prolonged recovery from barbiturates due to their low body fat (less redistribution of the drug), reduced liver metabolism (slower breakdown of barbiturates), and genetic factors affecting drug processing. These traits lead to higher concentrations of the drug in the brain for longer periods.
Alpha2 agonist and their antagonists
Alpha-2 Agonists (Veterinary Medicine):
Examples: Xylazine, Medetomidine, Dexmedetomidine, Detomidine.
Uses:
Sedation
Analgesia
Muscle relaxation
Pre-anesthetic medication
Mechanism: Stimulate alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, reducing norepinephrine release, leading to CNS depression.
Alpha-2 Antagonists:
Examples: Yohimbine, Atipamezole, Tolazoline.
Uses:
Reverse sedation and analgesia caused by alpha-2 agonists.
Restore normal cardiovascular and respiratory function.
Mechanism: Block alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, counteracting the effects of agonists.
Key Points:
Agonists: Provide sedation and pain relief but can cause bradycardia, hypotension, and respiratory depression.
Antagonists: Used to reverse these effects, ensuring rapid recovery.
