Deck 2 Quiz Flashcards
Anticholinergics - example and mechanism of action
Anticholinergics are a class of drugs that block the action of acetylcholine (ACh) at muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system. By inhibiting acetylcholine, they reduce parasympathetic activity, leading to various physiological effects.
Examples of Anticholinergics:
1. Atropine
Used for bradycardia, as a preoperative medication to reduce secretions, and in the treatment of organophosphate poisoning.
2. Ipratropium bromide
Used as a bronchodilator for conditions like COPD and asthma.
3. Oxybutynin
Used for overactive bladder and urinary incontinence.
4. Scopolamine
Used for motion sickness and postoperative nausea.
5. Benztropine
Used to treat Parkinson’s disease and drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms.
Barbiturates - classification and active substance
Drug that acts as a central nervous system depressant, can produce a
wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to death
- Used as euthanizing agents in small animals
- Can also be used as anxiolytics, hypnotics and anticeaxulants
- as Barbituric acid
What is dissociative anaesthesia and give an example of
A unique anesthesia characterized by analgesia and amnesia with minimal effect on respiratory function. The patient does not appear to be anesthetized and can swallow and open eyes but does not process information. Can be used during brief, superficial operative
or diagnostic processes
- Ketamine for example
Methods of injection (6 minimum)
1.Subcutaneus
2. Intramuscular
3. Intravenous
4. Intradermal
5. Intraperitoneal
6. Intraarticular
7. Intrasynoxial
8. Intratracheal
9. Subconiunctival
10. Intraarterial
11. Intracardial
12. Intrapleural
13. Intramedular
Define balanced and unbalanced crystalloids
Crystalloid solutions can be termed balanced if their components are
similar to those contained in extracellular fluid and unbalanced if this
is not the case
What is the name of the removal of microbes (pathogenic bacteria) from the skin and mucous membranes
Antisepsis: process of removal of pathogenic organism from skin or Mms, but
with some resident flora remaining
Antiseptic agent used in the process of antisepsis
is ani agent that inhibits bacterial growth
Biocide and germicide
- agents that kill bacteria and other MOs
4 methods of sterilisation
steam autoclave
dry heat
unsaturated chemical vapour
steam
ethylene oxid and ethylene oxid steam
radiation
filter sterilization
What is BMB
A: Buccal Mucosal Bleeding Time
- Materials: surgicutt, stop watch, filter paper & gauze bandage
- Method: Dogs and cats: Anaesthesia sometimes needed: Patient in lateral recumbency and lift the lip up, remove Surgicutt from package and remove safety clip, position ASAP, depress the trigger and start the timer, remove Surgicutt 1 sec after triggering. At 15 seconds blot the flow of blood with filter paper 1-3 mm below incision, do not touch incision! Blot every 15 seconds until blood no longer stains the
paper - BMBT should be less than 4 min in dogs and cats !!
Extra: - A prolonged BMB.I may reflect thrombocytopenia, decreased platelet function or vacular wall abnormality. Not prolonged with coagulation factor defects or deficiencies. May be prolonged during an episode of active or very recent baemohage due to consumption or loss of platelets. Testing after the bleeding patient has been stabilized and there are at least several days free from clinical
bleeding
Percentage of hypertonic solution
7% NaCl used in very small boluses (3-5mg/kg)
Type of needle for cornea
reverse cutting needle
Definition of sterilisation
Process of destruction of all forms of microbial life
dal i as ange prod out in the chan riya ince suving the process as one in a million
Ethylene oxid for sterilising at what temperature
usually takes longer time than steam distillation, around 16-18hrs and temperature reaches 50-60 degrees
Physical status rating
Physical status rating:
I: Healthy with discernible disease
II: Healthy with localised disease or mild systemic disease
III: Severe systemic disease
IV: Severe systemic disease that is live threatening
V: Moribund: patient not expected to live longer than 24hr with or without surgery
E: Emergency
How much should you shave away from each insicion when you prepare for operation site?
20cm from each incision
