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Human Growth and Development > Deck 4 > Flashcards

Deck 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychoanalysis Theory

A

attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior

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2
Q

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

A

Theory that proposes eight stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.

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3
Q

Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development

A

Trust v mistrust (0-18 months)

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4
Q

Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development

A

as children grow up, their focus of pleasure and sexual impulses shifts

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5
Q

<p>Freud's stages of psychosexual development</p>

A

<p>1. Oral Stage

2. Anal Stage
3. Phallic Stage
4. Latency Stage
5. Genital Stage</p>

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6
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust

A

If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust

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7
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

A

toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt

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8
Q

Industry vs. Inferiority

A

Erikson’s stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive

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9
Q

identity vs identity confusion

A

the period during which teenagers seek to determine what is unique and distinctive about themselves

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10
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation

A

Erikson’s stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families

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11
Q

Generativity vs. Stagnation

A

Erikson’s stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one’s potential and doing public service

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12
Q

integrity vs despair

A

Erikson’s final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives

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13
Q

Cognitive Theory

A

A theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time. According to this theory, our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.

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14
Q

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

A

children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development

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15
Q

Initiative vs. Guilt

A

Erikson’s third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities

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16
Q

Piaget stages of cognitive development

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

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17
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

Piaget’s 1st stage of cognitive development (0-2), infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

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18
Q

preoperational stage

A

Piaget’s 2nd stage (2-6), child learns to use language but doesn’t comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

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19
Q

concrete operational stage

A

Piaget’s 3rd stage (7-11), children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

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20
Q

formal operational stage

A

Piaget’s 4th stage (12-death), people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

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21
Q

Vygotsky’s Cognitive Theory

A

A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development.

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22
Q

information processing theory

A

a perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output

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23
Q

Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

A

Development consists of the pattern of behavioral changes that are brought about by rewards and punishments

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24
Q

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

A

Holds that behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are the key factors in development

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25
Q

Ethological Theory

A

behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution

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26
Q

Ecological Theory

A

theory based on idea that human development is inseparable from the environmental contexts in which a person develops

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27
Q

germinal period

A

The first two weeks of prenatal development after conception, characterized by rapid cell division and the beginning of cell differentiation.

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28
Q

Blastocyst

A

hollow ball of cells - early stage of development

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29
Q

trophoblast

A

outer cells of the blastocyst that secrete enzymes that allow implantation

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30
Q

embryonic period

A

the period from two to eight weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop

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31
Q

amnion

A

Innermost membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus

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32
Q

umbilical cord

A

a tube containing the blood vessels connecting the fetus and placenta

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33
Q

Organogenesis

A

formation of organs

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34
Q

fetal period

A

the time from about eight weeks after conception until the birth of the child

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35
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells

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36
Q

Teratogen

A

any factor that can cause a birth defect

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37
Q

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A

disorder affecting babies whose mothers consumed large amounts of alcohol while they were pregnant

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38
Q

preterm infants

A

infants who are born prior to 38 weeks after conception (also known as premature infants)

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39
Q

self-conscious emotions

A

emotions such as guilt, shame, embarrassment, and pride that relate to our sense of self and our consciousness of others’ reactions to us

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40
Q

basic cry

A

cry that starts softly and gradually becomes more intense; often heard when babies are hungry or tired

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41
Q

anger cry

A

a cry similar to the basic cry but with more excess air forced through the vocal cords

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42
Q

pain cry

A

cry that begins with a sudden long burst, followed by a long pause and gasping

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43
Q

reflexive smile

A

A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli. It happens during the month after birth, usually during sleep.

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44
Q

social smile

A

a smile evoked by a human face, normally first evident in infants about 6 weeks after birth

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45
Q

stranger anxiety

A

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

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46
Q

separation protest

A

an infant’s distressed crying when the caregiver leaves

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47
Q

temperament

A

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

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48
Q

goodness of fit

A

the match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with

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49
Q

social referencing

A

reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation

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50
Q

strange situation

A

a behavioral test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child’s attachment style

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51
Q

insecure avoidant babies

A

babies who show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver

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52
Q

securely attached babies

A

babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment

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53
Q

insecure resistant babies

A

clings to caregiver, then resists by fighting against the closeness

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54
Q

insecure disorganized babies

A

disorientation; extreme fearfulness may be shown even with caregiver

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55
Q

developmental cascade model

A

involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes

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56
Q

reciprocal socialization

A

Socialization that is bidirectional; children socialize parents, just as parents socialize children.

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57
Q

Scaffolding

A

Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child’s current level of performance

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58
Q

self-understanding

A

The child’s cognitive representation of self, the substance and content of the child’s self-conceptions.

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59
Q

moral development

A

growth in the ability to tell right from wrong, control impulses, and act ethically

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60
Q

heteronomous morality

A

The first stage of moral development in Piaget’s theory, occurring from approximately 4 to 7 years of age. Justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people.

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61
Q

autonomous morality

A

The belief that conscience is the only moral authority

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62
Q

immanent justice

A

the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately

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63
Q

gender typing

A

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

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64
Q

social role theory

A

a theory that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women

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65
Q

psychoanalytic theory of gender

A

A theory deriving from Freud’s view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent, by approximately 5 or 6 years of age renounces this attraction because of anxious feelings, and subsequently identifies with the same-sex parent, unconsciously adopting the same-sex parent’s characteristics.

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66
Q

social cognitive theory of gender

A

a theory emphasizing that children’s gender development occurs through the observation and imitation of gender behavior and through the rewards and punishments children experience for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior

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67
Q

gender schema theory

A

the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly

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68
Q

authoritaRIAN parenting

A

style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

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69
Q

authoritaTIVE parenting

A

parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making

70
Q

neglectful parenting

A

a parenting style characterized by a lack of parental involvement in the child’s life

71
Q

indulgent parenting

A

A style of parenting in which parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them. Indulgent parenting is associated with children’s social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control.

72
Q

sensorimotor play

A

behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas

73
Q

practice play

A

play that involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports

74
Q

pretense/symbolic play

A

play in which the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol

75
Q

social play

A

play that involves social interactions with peers

76
Q

constructive play

A

play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something

77
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Known for his 8-stage theory of Psychosocial Development

78
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Known for his theory of cognitive development in children

79
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

child development; investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development; zone of proximal development; play research

80
Q

contemporary life-events approach

A

a life event influences the individual’s development depends not only on the event but also on mediating factors, the individual’s adaptation to the life event, the life-stage context, and the sociohistorical context.

81
Q

fight or flight response

A

an emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action

82
Q

tend and befriend

A

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

83
Q

social clock

A

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

84
Q

Big Five Personality Traits

A

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

85
Q

empty nest syndrome

A

alleged period of depression in mothers following the departure of their grown children from the home

86
Q

<p>Stages of Adulthood</p>

A

<p>Early adulthood
Middle adulthood
Late adulthood</p>

87
Q

The Life-Events Approach

A

the view that a person’s state of well-being can be threatened by major life changes

88
Q

<p>Stress and Personal Control in Midlife</p>

A

<p>Middle-aged adults experience more "overload" stressors that involve juggling too many activities at once
Developmental changes in perceived personal control
Some aspects of personal control increase with age while others decrease</p>

89
Q

secure attachment style

A

an attachment style characterized by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked

90
Q

avoidant attachment style

A

An attachment style characterized by a suppression of attachment needs, because attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed; people with this style find it difficult to develop intimate relationships

91
Q

anxious attachment style

A

an attachment style that describes adults who demand closeness, are less trusting, and are more emotional, jealous, and possessive

92
Q

consensual validation

A

An explanation of why individuals are attracted to people who are similar to them. Our own attitudes and behavior are supported and validated when someone else’s attitudes and behavior are similar to our own.

93
Q

matching hypothesis

A

the tendency to develop relationships with people who are approximately as attractive as we are

94
Q

romantic love

A

intimacy and passion

95
Q

affectionate love

A

also called companionate love, this type of love occurs when individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person

96
Q

Plastic Development

A

human traits can be molded, yet people maintain a certain durability of identity

97
Q

Multidisciplinary development

A

development is often segmented into: infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood, adulthood, late adulthood

98
Q

multidirectional development

A

Throughout life, some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink.

99
Q

contextual development

A

context: family, eers, schoools, cities, neighbohoods, university, and so on. Settings.

100
Q

Lifelong development

A

no age period dominates development

101
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A

name for a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior

102
Q

fluid intelligence

A

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

103
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

104
Q

Erikson’s second stage of development

A

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1½-3, toddler asserts themselves and develops some sense of independence)

105
Q

Erikson’s third stage of development

A

Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6, children meet challenges, assume responsibility, identity the rights of others)

106
Q

Erikson’s fourth stage of psychosocial development

A

industry vs inferiority (5-13)

107
Q

Erikson’s fifth stage

A

-Identity vs. role confusion (13-19 the adolescent must find a consistent sense of self)

108
Q

Erikson’s sixth stage of development

A

Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-39, seeks committed life partner, friends)

109
Q

Erikson’s seventh stage

A

Generatively Vs Stagnation (25-65 years)

110
Q

Erikson’s eighth stage of development

A

Integrity vs. Despair (65-death, life is meaningful, no regrets)

111
Q

nature (*in relation to nature vs. nurture)

A

biological inheritance

112
Q

nurture (*in relation to nature vs. nurture)

A

environmental experiences

113
Q

Continuity vs. Discontinuity

A

Does development happen smoothly or shift abruptly in stages?

114
Q

continuity (*in relation to Continuity vs. Discontinuity)

A

development is a gradual, smooth change

115
Q

discontinuity (*in relation to Continuity vs. Discontinuity)

A

development happens in distinct changes

116
Q

Stability vs. Change

A

do early traits and characteristics persist through life or change overtime? (which debate?)

117
Q

stability (*in relation to Stability vs. Change)

A

personality traits present during present during infancy endure throughout the lifespan

118
Q

change (*in relation to Stability vs. Change)

A

personalities are modified by interactions with family, experiences at school, and acculturation.

119
Q

descriptive research

A

observe and record behavior

120
Q

Correlational Research

A

describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics

121
Q

experimental research

A

carefully regulated procedure in which one or more factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant

122
Q

Case Study

A

in-depth look at a single individual

123
Q

Genotype

A

genetic makeup of an organism

124
Q

Phenotype

A

An organism’s physical appearance, or visible traits.

125
Q

genetic abnormalities

A

missing genes, extra genes, or defective genes (cystic fibrosis, spina bifida, sickle-cell anemia)

126
Q

chromosomal abnormalities

A

a deficiency or excess of one or more chromosomes (down syndrome, turner syndrome)

127
Q

Teratogen

A

any factor that can cause a birth defect

128
Q

effects of nicotine on fetus

A

low birth weights, fetal and neonatal deaths, respiratory problems, and SIDS

129
Q

effects of alcohol on fetus (Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, aka FASD)

A

facial deformities and defective limbs, face, and heart, learning problems

130
Q

effects of cocaine on fetus

A

reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference,

131
Q

cephalocaudal pattern of growth

A

Growth sequence that gradually works from top to bottom of the body

132
Q

proximodistal pattern of growth

A

the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities

133
Q

universal linguists

A

Infants (0-6mo) can detect differences between the speech sounds of ANY human language

134
Q

language specific listener

A

Babies 6mo+ only detect differences between the speech and sound of their language

135
Q

Kubler-Ross stages of dying

A

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

136
Q

Dominant

A

An allele that is always expressed

137
Q

Recessive

A

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

138
Q

Down Syndrome

A

chromosomal abnormality causing intellectual disabilities and physical abnormalities

139
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

chromosomal abnormality in which males have an extra X chromosome; physical abnormalities

140
Q

Fragile X Syndrome

A

chromosomal abnormality in the X chromosome intellectual disability, learning disabilities, short attention span

141
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

chromosomal abnormality in females in which either an X chromosome; intellectual disability and sexual underdevelopment

142
Q

XYY syndrome

A

chromosomal abnormality in which males have an extra Y chromosome; cause above-average height

143
Q

Spinda Bifida

A

genetic disorder; neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities

144
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

genetic disorder; that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems.

145
Q

diabetes

A

genetic disorder; body does not produce enough insulin, causes abnormal metabolism of sugar

146
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

genetic abnormality; blood disorder, limits body’s oxygen supply

147
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

genetic abnormality; metabolic disorder that cases intellectual disability if left untreated.

148
Q

behavior genetics

A

the study of how much genetic and environmental influences our behavior

149
Q

twin study

A

A study in which the behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins.

150
Q

adoption study

A

analysis of how traits vary in individuals raised apart from their biological relatives

151
Q

<p>passive genotype-environment correlations</p>

A

<p>Correlations that exist when the natural parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child
(parents who like to read provide an environment with lots of books)</p>

152
Q

evocative genotype-environment correlations

A

Correlations that exist when the child’s genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments

153
Q

<p>active (niche-picking) gene-environment correlation</p>

A

<p>Correlations that exist when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating.
(someone who likes music will go to concerts and surround themselves with others who like music)
</p>

154
Q

proximodistal pattern

A

the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities

155
Q

cephalocaudal pattern

A

The sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top—the head—with physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working from top to bottom.

156
Q

Lateralization

A

cognitive function that relies more on one side of the brain than the other

157
Q

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

the unexplained death of a seemingly healthy baby

158
Q

Marasmus

A

severe undernourishment causing an infant’s or child’s weight to be significantly low for their age

159
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

protein deficiency

160
Q

dynamic systems theory

A

A view of human development as an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the physical and emotional being and between the person and every aspect of his or her environment, including the family and society.

161
Q

Reflexes

A

specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation

162
Q

rooting reflex

A

a baby’s tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple

163
Q

sucking reflex

A

Reflex that causes a newborn to make sucking motions when a finger or nipple if placed in the mouth

164
Q

Moro reflex

A

Reflex in which a newborn stretches out the arms and legs and cries in response to a loud noise or an abrupt change in the environment

165
Q

grasping reflex

A

an infant’s clinging response to a touch on the palm of his or her hand

166
Q

gross motor skills

A

physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping

167
Q

fine motor skills

A

motor skills that involve more finely tuned movements

168
Q

visual preference method

A

studying whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli

169
Q

A-not-B error

A

the tendency to reach for a hidden object where it was last found rather than in the new location where it was last hidden

170
Q

object permanence

A

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

171
Q

internalization of schemes

A

Piaget’s sixth and final sensorimotor substage, which develops between 18 and 24 months of age. In this substage, the infant develops the ability to use primitive symbols.

Human Growth and Development (27 decks)

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