Ch 10. Socioemotional Development In Middle and Late Childhood Flashcards
Perspective Taking
The social cognitive process involved in assuming the perspective of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings.
Self-Esteem
The global evaluative dimension of the self. Self-esteem is also referred to as self-worth or self-image.
Self-Concept
Domain-specific evaluations of the self.
Self-Efficacy
The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.
Self-Regulation
The extent to which people influence, modify, or control their own behavior (including thoughts and feelings) according to goals or standards.
Lawrence Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
The theory holds that moral reasoning, the basis for ethical behavior, has six developmental stages, each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than its predecessor.
Preconvenctional Reasoning
The lowest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. The individual’s moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment.
Heteronomous Morality
Kohlberg’s first stage of preconventional reasoning in which moral thinking is tied to punishment.
Individualism, Instrumental Purpose, and Exchange
Kohlberg’s second stage of preconventional reasoning, in which individuals pursue their own interests but also let others do the same.
Conventional Reasoning
The second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. At this level, individuals abide by certain standards, but these are standards set by others such as parents or society.
Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity
Kohlberg’s third stage of moral development. At this stage, individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgments.
Social Systems Morality
The fourth stage in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, in which moral judgments are based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty.
Postconventional Reasoning
The highest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. At this level, the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code.
Social Contract or Utility and Individual Rights
The fifth Kohlberg stage. At this stage, individuals reason that values, rights, and principles undergird or transcend the law.
Universal Ethical Principles
The sixth and highest stage in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, in which individuals develop a moral standard based on universal human rights.
Justice Perspective
A moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual and in which individuals independently make moral decisions.
Care Perspective
The moral perspective of Carol Gilligan, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.
Domain Theory of Moral Development
Theory that identifies different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains. These domains arise from children’s and adolescents’ attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.
Social Conventional Reasoning
Thoughts about social consensus and convention, in contrast with moral reasoning, which stresses ethical issues.
Moral Identity
How someone constructs the self with reference to moral categories.
Moral Character
A person with moral character has the willpower, desire, and integrity to stand up to pressure, overcome distractions and disappointments, and behave morally.
Moral Exemplars
People who have lived exemplary moral lives.
Gender Stereotypes
Broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about females and males.
Androgyny
The presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same individual.
Popular Children
Children who are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers.
Average Children
Children who receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from peers.
Neglected Children
Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.
Rejected Children
Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.
Controversial Children
Children who are frequently nominated both as a best friend and as being disliked by their peers.
Intimacy in Friendships
Self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.
Constructivist Approach
A learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher.
Direct Instruction Approach
A structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control, mastery of academic skills, high expectations for students’ progress, maximum time spent on learning tasks, and efforts to keep negative affect to a minimum.
Mindset
The cognitive view, either fixed or growth, that individuals develop for themselves.
