Ch 10. Socioemotional Development In Middle and Late Childhood

Question 1

Perspective Taking

Answer 1

The social cognitive process involved in assuming the perspective of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings.

Question 2

Self-Esteem

Answer 2

The global evaluative dimension of the self. Self-esteem is also referred to as self-worth or self-image.

Question 3

Self-Concept

Answer 3

Domain-specific evaluations of the self.

Question 4

Self-Efficacy

Answer 4

The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.

Question 5

Self-Regulation

Answer 5

The extent to which people influence, modify, or control their own behavior (including thoughts and feelings) according to goals or standards.

Question 6

Lawrence Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

Answer 6

The theory holds that moral reasoning, the basis for ethical behavior, has six developmental stages, each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than its predecessor.

Question 7

Preconvenctional Reasoning

Answer 7

The lowest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. The individual’s moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment.

Question 8

Heteronomous Morality

Answer 8

Kohlberg’s first stage of preconventional reasoning in which moral thinking is tied to punishment.

Question 9

Individualism, Instrumental Purpose, and Exchange

Answer 9

Kohlberg’s second stage of preconventional reasoning, in which individuals pursue their own interests but also let others do the same.

Question 10

Conventional Reasoning

Answer 10

The second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. At this level, individuals abide by certain standards, but these are standards set by others such as parents or society.

Question 11

Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity

Answer 11

Kohlberg’s third stage of moral development. At this stage, individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgments.

Question 12

Social Systems Morality

Answer 12

The fourth stage in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, in which moral judgments are based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty.

Question 13

Postconventional Reasoning

Answer 13

The highest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. At this level, the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code.

Question 14

Social Contract or Utility and Individual Rights

Answer 14

The fifth Kohlberg stage. At this stage, individuals reason that values, rights, and principles undergird or transcend the law.

Question 15

Universal Ethical Principles

Answer 15

The sixth and highest stage in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, in which individuals develop a moral standard based on universal human rights.

Question 16

Justice Perspective

Answer 16

A moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual and in which individuals independently make moral decisions.

Question 17

Care Perspective

Answer 17

The moral perspective of Carol Gilligan, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.

Question 18

Domain Theory of Moral Development

Answer 18

Theory that identifies different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains. These domains arise from children’s and adolescents’ attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.

Question 19

Social Conventional Reasoning

Answer 19

Thoughts about social consensus and convention, in contrast with moral reasoning, which stresses ethical issues.

Question 20

Moral Identity

Answer 20

How someone constructs the self with reference to moral categories.

Question 21

Moral Character

Answer 21

A person with moral character has the willpower, desire, and integrity to stand up to pressure, overcome distractions and disappointments, and behave morally.

Question 22

Moral Exemplars

Answer 22

People who have lived exemplary moral lives.

Question 23

Gender Stereotypes

Answer 23

Broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about females and males.

Question 24

Androgyny

Answer 24

The presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same individual.

Question 25

Popular Children

Answer 25

Children who are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers.

Question 26

Average Children

Answer 26

Children who receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from peers.

Question 27

Neglected Children

Answer 27

Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.

Question 28

Rejected Children

Answer 28

Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.

Question 29

Controversial Children

Answer 29

Children who are frequently nominated both as a best friend and as being disliked by their peers.

Question 30

Intimacy in Friendships

Answer 30

Self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.

Question 31

Constructivist Approach

Answer 31

A learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher.

Question 32

Direct Instruction Approach

Answer 32

A structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control, mastery of academic skills, high expectations for students’ progress, maximum time spent on learning tasks, and efforts to keep negative affect to a minimum.

Question 33

Mindset

Answer 33

The cognitive view, either fixed or growth, that individuals develop for themselves.