Ch 6. Socioemotional Development in Infancy Flashcards
Emotion
Feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to him or her. Emotion is characterized by behavior that reflects (expresses) the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state a person is in or the transactions being experienced.
Primary Emotions
Emotions that are present in humans and other animals and emerge early in life; examples are joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust.
Self-Conscious Emotions
Emotions that require self-awareness, especially consciousness and a sense of “me”; examples include jealousy, empathy, and embarrassment.
Basic Cry
A rhythmic pattern usually consisting of a cry, a briefer silence, a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.
Anger Cry
A variation of the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords.
Pain Cry
A sudden appearance of a long, initial loud cry without preliminary moaning, followed by breath holding.
Reflexive Smile
A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli. It happens during the first month after birth, usually during sleep.
Social Smile
A smile in response to an external stimulus, which early in development is typically a face.
Stranger Anxiety
An infant’s fear and wariness of strangers; it tends to appear during the second half of the first year of life.
Separation Protest
An infant’s distressed crying when the caregiver leaves.
Temperament
Involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.
Easy Child
A child who is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences.
Difficult Child
A child who tends to react negatively and cry frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.
Slow-to-warm-up Child
A child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood.
Goodness of Fit
Refers to the match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope.
Social Referencing
“Reading” emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation
Attachment
A close emotional bond between two people.
John Bowlby
Maintains that both infants and their primary caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments
Bowlby’s Phase 1 (Birth to 2 months)
Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures. Strangers, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant.
Bowlby’s Phase 2 (2-7 Months)
Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people.
Bowlby’s Phase 3 (7-24 Months)
Specific attachments develop. With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father.
Bowlby’s Phase 4 (After Two Years)
Children become aware of others’ feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.
Strange Situation
An observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order.
Securely Attached Babies
Babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment.
Insecure Avoidant Babies
Babies who show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver.
Insecure Resistant Babies
Babies who often cling to the caregiver, then resist the caregiver by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.
Insecure Disorganized Babies
Babies who show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented.
Developmental Cascade Model
Involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes.
Reciprocal Socialization
Socialization that is bidirectional; children socialize parents, just as parents socialize children.
Scaffolding
Practice in which parents time interactions so that infants experience turn taking with the parents.
