Deck 1 Flashcards
Diagnosis of intoxication consists of
Anamnesis
Clinical symptoms
Post partum picture
CHTA (chemical toxological analysis)
Biological experiment
Which colour is indicative for qualitative determination for NO2 poisoning?
Griess-Illosway
Therapy of lead poisoning
Eliminate source of contamination
Chelation therapy
EDTA therapy
Factors influencing toxicity of urea in cattle
- cattle has never been exposed to urea before
- excessive production of ammonia in rumen
- individual sensitivity
- health
- pH of rumen content
- structure of food
- form of urea - solid vs solution
- habituation of animals
3 major sites for absorption of foreign compounds
per os with food
per os with water
per inhalationen
per cutis
Mechanism of action of cyanide is
Inhibits enzyme cytochrome oxidase
Endogenous and exogenous factors influencing intoxication
Endogenous: age, sex, nutritional status, health status, genetic background and species differences
Exogenous: dose, physical-chemical properties, accumulation, synergism and antagonism, duration and frequence of exposure, diet and stress factors
Zinc phosphide is used as
Rodenticide
Ethiology and therapy of ethylen-glycol intoxication
Ethiology: component of car radiator and antifreeze (95% ethylene glycol), heat exchange fluids (solar collectors etc.),
Therapy:
* Decrease absorption through gastric lavage, active charcoal and sodium sulphate - stomach tube within 3 hrs
* Increase extretion through fluid therapy
* Prevent metabolism with 4-methylpyrazole
* Correction of metabolic acidosis with sodium bicarbonate intravenously
Typical smell of zinc
Garlic
Classification of rodenticides
According to chemical composition:
* Inorganic rodenticides (Zn3P2, As2O3)
* Organic rodenticides (warfarin, ANTU, bromethaline)
According to their effect:
* Effective after single dose (Zn3P2, ANTU, superwarfarin)
* Accumulative (warfarin)
LD50 definition
The dose that kill 50% of a certain population
Mechanism of action of MCPA and chloridazone
Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation
Demyelinization of peripheral nerves
Inhibit ribonuclease synthesis
Most important chelant agents used in therapy for heavy metals
BAL (dimercaprol), CaEDTA, magnesium sulphate, vitamin C, tincture of iodine
Formaldehyde is extracted from the sample by
Steam distillation
LD50 of extremely toxic compounds
Less than 50 mg/kg BW
Typical clinical symptoms and post mortem picture of warfarin
Clinical symptoms in cats and dogs:
* Internal bleeding leading to blood in vomit, diarrhea and urine
Other animals:
Depression and anorexia
Bleeding from natural body openings
Pale mucus membranes (anemia)
Haematomas
Weak/fast pulse
Subnormal body temp.
Respiratory difficult
General exhaustion
Collapse and death (5-7 days after)
Post mortem: well developed haematoma in soft tissue, large quantity of blood in GIT. Blood in heart and vessels will be poorly clotted or not at all.
OECD test used for testing new chemical compounds
Acute oral toxicity test
Inhalation test
Skin sensibility test
Reproductive test + developmental studies
Carcinogenicity test
Mutagenicity test
Sub chronic and chronic tests
Antimony compound are chemically and pharmacolically similar to
Arsenic compounds
Absorption and retention of copper in the body is influenced by:
Methyl and sulphates
Clinical signs of methemoglobin stage in nitrate poisoning
- Chocolate-brown colour of blood
- Haemorrhages on serosal surfaces
- Salivation
- vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Abdominal pain
- Gastric haemorrhage
Tripheniltinacetate and triphenyltinoxide are used as
Fungicides
Division of herbicides according to phytotoxic effect
Total (general)
Selective
Other herbicides - defoliants, dessicants and growth regulators
Facial eczema (phytomycotoxicosis) occurs after exposure to
Sporodesmins
Plants that contain cardiac glycocides are
Digitalis purpurea, nerium oleander
Which animal has telson?
Scorpion
The influence of acids
Act on mucus membranes of GIT - may be chronic and has local and chemical effect, which decrease pH
Accumulation of phenols and nitrates
Extremely accumulative
Which insecticides are fumigants?
(generate toxic gases)
HCN (hydrogen cyanide), CS2 (carbon disulphide), SO2 (sulfur dioxide), PH3 (phosphine), CH3Br (bromomethane)
How long does herbicides persist in the environment
3-7 months
