DCIT 65 | Midterms | Lecture 2

Question 1

a trade, a business, or an occupation of which one professes to have extensive knowledge acquired through long years of experience and formal education and the autonomy of and responsibility to make independent decisions in carrying out the duties of the profession

Answer 1

profession

Question 2

was the person who has professed the commitment

Answer 2

professional

Question 3

four themes cover all the activities of a professional life:

Answer 3

1. evolution of professions
2. the making of an ethical professional
3. the professional decision-making process
4. professionalism and ethical responsibilities

Question 4

describe the characteristics of professionals, and discuss how these characteristics are supported by commitment, integrity, responsibility, and accountability

Answer 4

evolution of professions

Question 5

we then describe the ways professionals are made through both formal education and informal unstructured in- service

Answer 5

the making of an ethical professional

Question 6

when professionals enter the workforce, their duties involve decision-making. We therefore look at the process of decision-making, the problems involved, and the guilt felt about what are perceived as wrong decisions and how to avoid them

Answer 6

the professional decision-making process

Question 7

professionals in their working environment encounter problems everyday that require them to check in with their moral code. We focus on professionalism and ethical responsibilities as one of those areas that requires continual consultation with individual morality and discuss how these affect professions

Answer 7

professionalism and ethical responsibilities

Question 8

the term profession and its requirements for membership evolved into two categories:

Answer 8

1. learned professions
2. common professions

Question 9

required individuals with a deep knowledge of the profession acquired through years of formal education

Answer 9

learned professions

Question 10

required the individuals to be noblemen who in theory did not really need to work for a living

Answer 10

common professions

Question 11

skills must be backed up by a very well-developed knowledge base acquired through long years of formal schooling

Answer 11

set of highly developed skills and deep knowledge of the domain

Question 12

because professionals provide either products or services, there is always a relationship between the provider of the service and the receiver of the service or the provider of the product and the receiver of the product

Answer 12

autonomy

Question 13

a working professional usually observes these four types of codes:

Answer 13

1. professional code
2. personal code
3. institutional code
4. community code

Question 14

set of guidelines provided to the professional by the profession spelling out what a professional ought to do and not do. This code protects both the image of the profession and that of the individual members. Thus, it is a requirement for the profession that members adhere to the code

Answer 14

professional code

Question 15

set of individual moral guidelines on which professionals operate. In many ways, these guidelines are acquired by professionals from the cultural environment in which they grow up or live in and the religious beliefs they may practice. Whatever the case, it supplements the professional code significantly

Answer 15

personal code

Question 16

a code imposed by the institution for which the professional is working. This code is meant to build and maintain the public’s confidence in the institution and its employee

Answer 16

institutional code

Question 17

it developed over a period of time based on either the religion or culture of the indigenous people in the area. It may be imposed by law or the culture of the community in which the professional works

Answer 17

community code

Question 18

professionalism is supported by four pillars:

Answer 18

1. commitment
2. integrity
3. responsibility
4. accountability

Question 19

means a state of undivided loyalty to self -belief. It is honesty, uncompromising self-value, and incorruptible

Answer 19

integrity

Question 20

three maxims of integrity:

Answer 20

1. vision
2. love
3. commitment

Question 21

capacity to anticipate and make a plan of action that will avoid obstacles and maximize benefits. a sign of good leadership, and professionals who have the initiative, the autonomy, and the authority in the provider–client relationship exemplify leadership

Answer 21

vision

Question 22

numerous studies have shown that people who love what they do, do it better than those who do it because they have to. In school, children who have a love for a subject perform far better than those who do it because it is a requirement

Answer 22

love

Question 23

vision and love applied to the work bonds the individual to whatever he or she is doing until it is done

Answer 23

commitment

Question 24

deals with roles, tasks, and actions and their ensuing consequences

Answer 24

responsibility

Question 25

three major types of responsibilities:

Answer 25

a. service responsibilities
b. product responsibilities
c. consequential responsibilities

Question 26

in order for a professional to provide a service to a client, there must be a contract binding the professional and the client. In this contract, as in any other contract, the professional has specific responsibilities regarding the time of delivery of the service, the quality of the service, and the consequences after the service has been rendered

Answer 26

service responsibilities

Question 27

if the contract between the provider and the client involves a product, the provider has the responsibility to deliver the product agreed upon on time, in good shape and of quality, and to provide documentation for safe use of the product

Answer 27

product responsibilities

Question 28

one expects liabilities for the service or product, and the professional must accept those consequential responsibilities

Answer 28

consequential responsibilities

Question 29

the obligation to answer for the execution of one’s assigned responsibilities. This process involves a cycle of setting measurable outcomes and achievable goals, planning what needs to be done to meet those goals, reporting progress toward goals, evaluating the reports, and using that feedback to make improvements

Answer 29

accountability

Question 30

three items that encourage, maintain, and improve that higher ethical standard:

Answer 30

1. formal education
2. licensing
3. professional codes of conduct

Question 31

to be effective in teaching and enforcing the pillars of professionalism, it must be targeted and incremental

Answer 31

formal education

Question 32

grants individuals formal or legal permission to practice their profession, which tips the balance of power in the giver –receiver equation in favor of the giver

Answer 32

licensing

Question 33

promote the public image of the profession by specifying and enforcing the ethical behavior expected from its members

Answer 33

professional codes of conduct

Question 34

professional codes consist of standards, norms, and rules of conduct that address the following areas:

Answer 34

1. moral and legal standards
2. professional–client relationship
3. client advocacy
4. professional–public relationships
5. sanction mechanics
6. confidentiality
7. assessment
8. compliance
9. competence

Question 35

experience and studies have shown that professions with enforceable codes have fewer discipline problems among their members than those with no codes or those with codes but without enforcement mechanisms

Answer 35

enforcement

Question 36

two main reporting procedures:

Answer 36

1. typical organizational route
2. short-circuit procedure

Question 37

which a complaint is reported first to the local chapters if it exists. The complaint then makes its way to the top, usually to the national ethics committee

Answer 37

typical organization route

Question 38

which reporting can be done at any level, and then from there a complaint is forwarded all the way to the top

Answer 38

short-circuit procedure

Question 39

the committee may decide to recommend any one or a combination of the following (sanctions):

Answer 39

1. probation
2. revocation of certification
3. request for resignation
4. suspension from the profession at the member’s expense

Question 40

process on the books for the sanctioned professional who is not satisfied with either the ruling of the committee or the penalty imposed

Answer 40

appeal

Question 41

quite common in the everyday activities of a professional. The process of decision making resembles a mapping with input parameters and an output decision. are caused by questioning the values attached to one’s premises as inputs to the decision being made

Answer 41

dilemmas in decision-making

Question 42

in an ethical decision-making process, decisions are made based on, and reflect, consequences, individual liberties, and justice. To achieve this, individuals can use any other ethical theories to frame or make ethical choices that reflect the selected

Answer 42

criteria

Question 43

three criteria:

Answer 43

1. utilitarian criterion
2. rights criterion
3. justice criterion

Question 44

where decisions are made solely on the basis of their intended outcomes or consequences

Answer 44

utilitarian criterion

Question 45

where decisions are made based on the set of liberties the society enforces such as the Magna Carta

Answer 45

rights criterion

Question 46

which reflect justice. Decisions are made so that they are fair, impartial, and equitable to all

Answer 46

justice criterion

Question 47

our natural internal judgment system, punishing ourselves based on our moral standards or the group’s standards. plays a crucial part in ethical decision making

Answer 47

guilt

Question 48

professionalism and ethical responsibilities:

Answer 48

1. whistleblowing
2. harassment and discrimination

Question 49

calling to public attention, including especially to that of a higher authority such as a government, what is considered an illegal or mismanaged act

Answer 49

whistleblower

Question 49

gives the impression of an act of seeking public attention

Answer 49

whistleblowing

Question 50

to verbally or physically create an environment that is hostile, intimidating, offensive, severe, pervasive, or abusive based on a number of parameters including one’s race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, national origin, age, disability, political affiliation, marital status, citizenship, or physical appearance

Answer 50

harassment

Question 51

a process of making decisions that negatively affect an individual, such as denial of a service, based wholly, or partly, upon the real or perceived facts of one’s race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, national origin, age, disability, political affiliation, marital status, or physical appearance

Answer 51

discrimination

Question 52

different whistle-blowing methods have been used for years:

Answer 52

1. computer aided methods
2. traditional methods

Question 53

situations can complicate whistleblowing:

Answer 53

1. fear of reprisals
2. suspicion surrounding whistleblowing
3. membership in organizational channels

Question 54

steps needed in fight against harassment and discrimination:

Answer 54

1. awareness
2. prevention

Question 55

there are no clear signs of harassment, but in most cases, harassment is manifested in the following signs: unhappiness, anxiety, discomfort, stress, and lifestyle changes. If some or all of these signs start to appear in the environment where an individual is, then there is harassment. Discrimination is even harder to detect than harassment. However, there is discrimination if the decisions made are based upon the discriminatory factors above

Answer 55

awareness

Question 56

the main tool for the prevention of harassment and discrimination is for an organization to have a clear and simple written policy framework setting out the procedures that must be taken if harassment and discrimination occur. The procedures must include the following: awareness/education, complaint process, sanctions, and redress

Answer 56

prevention