COSC 101 | Midterms Flashcards
defined as any sketch or a drawing or a special network that pictorially represents some meaningful information
graphics
used where a set of image needs to be manipulated or the creation of the image in the form of pixels and is drawn on the computer
computer graphics
it is the part of the application where you create and modify drawing entities
graphics area
types of computer graphics
raster graphics and vector graphics
pixels are used for an image to be drawn. It is also known as a bitmap image in which a sequence of image is into smaller pixels. Basically, a bitmap indicates a large number of pixels together
raster graphics
raster graphics is also known as?
bitmap image
mathematical formulae are used to draw different types of shapes, lines, objects and so on
vector graphics
application of computer graphics
education and training
use in biology
computer-generated maps
architect
presentation graphics
computer art
entertainment
visualization
educational software
printing technology
Computer-generated model of the physical, financial and economic system is often used as educational aids. Model of physical systems, physiological system, population trends or equipment can help trainees to understand the operation of the system.
education and training
Molecular biologist can display a picture of molecules and gain insight into their structure with the help of computer graphics
use in biology
Town planners and transportation engineers can use computer-generated maps which display data useful to them in their planning work
computer-generated maps
it can explore an alternative solution to design problems at an interactive graphics terminal. In this way, they can test many more solutions that would not be possible without the computer.
architect
Example of these are bar charts, line graphs, pie charts and other displays showing relationships
between multiple parameters. It is commonly used to summarize
presentation graphics
It is used to generate television and advertising commercial
computer art
Computer Graphics are now commonly used in making motion pictures, music videos and television shows.
entertainment
It is used for visualization of scientists, engineers, medical personnel, business analysts for the study of a large amount of information
visualization
Computer Graphics is used in the development of educational software for making computer-aided instruction
educational software
Computer Graphics is used for printing technology and textile design
printing technology
show the graphics system
input devices
processors
memory
frame buffer
output devices
2 types of input devices
physical and logical
example of physical input devices
Keyboard, mouse, tablet, touch pad, touch screen, data glove, camera, light pen, wand, joystick, joy switch, trackball, space ball, microphone, speech recognizer, etc.
examples of logical input devices
String, locator, pick, choice, valuator, stroke.
examples of output devices
CRT display, LED display, LCD display, Plasma display, printer, plotter, e-paper, hologram generator, film recorder, sound recorder, speaker, robot arm, etc.
2-D output devices are either ____, which physically draw line segments (like a plotter), or _____, which display a grid of colored pixels (picture elements).
vector devices
raster devices
physically draw line segments (like a plotter)
vector devices
displays a grid of colored pixels (picture elements)
raster devices
the _____ of a raster display is written as width x height
resolution
a basic object that is essential for the creation or construction of complex images
graphics primitive
a point of light. It is just one tiny dot on the raster displays. Though it has no structure, it is definitely a building block and hence it can be considered as the graphics primitive. The resolution of CRT is related to the dot size, the diameter of a single dot.
pixel
it constitutes the basic building block of Line graphs, bar and pie charts, two and three-dimensional graphs of mathematical functions, engineering drawings and architectural plans.
line
In computer graphics, ___ is so basic in creating images that we call it a graphics primitive.
straight line
a closed area of image bounded by straight or curved lines and filled with one solid color. Since images are two dimensional, it is a closed planar figure. it is an important graphics primitive
polygon
a set of uncorrelated data, such as a histogram array or bivariate array. The arrays are filled event by event from a list data in order to create a display. The saved arrays usually take up far less disk space, but the data can no longer be gated
display file
The video output device which drives a video display from the memory buffer containing a complete set of data is known as ____. The image is stored in terms of pixel by pixel. The memory can be discs, Integrated circuits etc.
frame buffer
This controls the view of the image so that the user can view the Image from desired angle and desired magnification
display control
it reads the data from the frame buffer and convert it into corresponding 1’s and 0’s according to their pixels and then put it on to a monitor screen. The display processor does this work 30 times per second to maintain a steady picture on the screen, and if we want to change the picture on the screen then we have to change the contents of frame buffer
display processor
In mathematics and computer science an algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for making calculations. Algorithms are made for calculation, data processing and automated reasoning
line generation
a program or set of programs that enables us to manipulate the visual images on computer system
graphics software
are used throughout graphics as building blocks for more complicated shapes
points
are used in computer graphics to compose images that are three-dimensional in appearance
polygons
With the this, we can insert text at any position in two- or three-dimensional Mathematical graphics. The text will be given in the graphic’s base style
text primitive
In computer graphics any object that is larger than the computer screen cannot be seen through the monitor i.e., window
windowing and clipping
a rectangular viewing region in computer graphics, or a term used for optical components
viewport
an umbrella term that encompasses the entire creative and production process for creating any kind of visual communication. This can range from a billboard or magazine, to a t-shirt, catalog, packaging, website or video.
graphic communications
Major Applications of Computer Graphics
computer art
computer aided drawing
education
training
visualization
image processing
machine drawing
graphical user interface
entertainment
education
image processing
medical imaging
graphical interface
computer graphics techniques
Using computer graphics we can create fine and commercial art which include animation packages, paint packages. These packages provide facilities for designing object shapes and specifying object motion. Cartoon drawing, paintings, logo design can also be done
computer art
Designing of buildings, automobile, aircraft is done with the help of computer aided drawing, this helps in providing minute details to the drawing and producing more accurate and sharp drawings with better specifications
computer aided drawing
Computer generated models are extremely useful for teaching huge number of concepts and fundamentals in an easy to understand and learn manner. Using computer graphics many educational models can be created through which more interest can be generated among the students regarding the subject.
education
Specialized system for training like simulators can be used for training the candidates in a way that can be grasped in a short span of time with better understanding. Creation of training modules using computer graphics is simple and very useful
training
Today the need of visualize things have increased drastically, the need of visualization can be seen in many advance technologies, data visualization helps in finding insights of the data, to check and study the behavior of processes around us we need appropriate visualization which can be achieved through proper usage of computer graphics
visualization
Various kinds of photographs or images require editing in order to be used in different places. Processing of existing images into refined ones for better interpretation is one of the many applications of computer graphics
image processing
Computer graphics is very frequently used for designing, modifying and creation of various parts of machine and the whole machine itself, the main reason behind using computer graphics for this purpose is the precision and clarity we get from such drawing is ultimate and extremely desired for the safe manufacturing of machine using these drawings.
machine drawing
The use of pictures, images, icons, pop-up menus, graphical objects help in creating a user-friendly environment where working is easy and pleasant, using computer graphics we can create such an atmosphere where everything can be automated, and anyone can get the desired action performed in an easy fashion
graphical user interface
Computer graphics are used in creating cartoon animation films, video games as well as television shows.
entertainment
Models can be created using computer graphics. These models can then be used to teach a variety of concepts and fundamentals.
education
It’s used in editing and processing images to be used in various places.
image processing
Computer graphics are used in generating body and brain scans.
medical imaging
It’s used in creating environments where everything can be automated.
graphical interface
computer graphics techniques
advanced shading methods
lighting
texture mapping
translucency
atmospheric effects
it is a method to perform some operations on an image, in order to get an enhanced image or to extract some useful information from it
image processing
it is a type of signal processing in which input is an image and output may be image or characteristics/features associated with that image
image processing
it is an image file format that’s defined by a pixel with one or more numbers associated with it. The number defines the location, size, or color of the pixels.
raster image
they are commonly .BMP, .GIF, .JPEG, .PNG, and .TIFF files
raster images
Today, almost all of the images you see on the Internet and images taken by a digital camera are
raster images
Raster images are commonly
.BMP, .GIF, .JPEG, .PNG, and .TIFF files
Most device that are used to produce images are ___ that is, use rectangular arrays of dots (pixels) to display the image
raster devices
rectangular arrays of dots to display the image
pixels
This includes CRT monitors, LCDs, laser and dot-matrix printers
raster devices
Examples of non-raster output devices
vector displays and plotters
converting a continuous object such as a line or a circle into discrete pixels
scan conversion
it is an artifact that reproduces the likeness of some subject—usually a physical object or a person
image or picture
images may be two dimensional, such as
photograph
images may be three dimensional, such as
statue
images are typically produced by ___
optical devices (cameras, mirrors, lenses, telescopes, microscopes, etc. and natural objects and phenomena)
it is the number of pixels in the image
image resolution
it describes the detail an image holds
image resolution
image classifications
monochrome image
gray-scale images
24-bit color images
1-bit images
8-bit gray level images
8-bit color images
Each pixel contains a single bit of information, indicating whether the pixel is light or dark. An image displayed in a single color or shades of a single color. Most monochrome computer displays use white, green, or amber, although it could be any one color.
monochrome image
Each pixel is stored as a single bit (0 or 1)
Monochrome Bit-Map Image
A 640 x 480 monochrome image requires ___ of storage
A 640 x 480 monochrome image requires 37.5 KB of storage
it is simply one in which the only colors are shades of gray. The reason for differentiating such images from any other sort of color image is that less information needs to be provided for each pixel
gray-scale images
it is one in which the red, green and blue components all have equal intensity in RGB space, and so it is only necessary to specify a single intensity value for each pixel, as opposed to the three intensities needed to specify each pixel in a full color image
gray color
Each pixel in gray-scale image is usually stored as a ___ (value between 0 to 255)
byte
A 640 x 480 greyscale image requires over ____ of storage
A 640 x 480 greyscale image requires over 300 KB of storage
it requires that the intensities of three-color components be specified for each and every pixel
Full RGB color
Image formats that store a full 24 bits to describe the color of each and every pixel
24-bit color images
Each pixel in 24-bit images is represented by ___ (e.g., RGB)
three bytes
24-bit color images support ___ possible combined colors (_____)
256 x 256 x 256
16,777,216
A 640 x 480 24-bit color image would require ____ of storage
A 640 x 480 24-bit color image would require 921.6 KB of storage
An ___ is a set of pixels
image
it is a picture element in digital image
pixel
In 1-bit images, each pixel is stored as a ____
single bit (0 or 1)
A ___ has only two states either on or off, white or black, true or false
bit
Each pixel of 8-bit gray level image is represented by ____
a single byte (8 bits)
each pixel of 8-bit gray level image can hold ____ values between
____
each pixel of 8-bit gray level image can hold 2^8=256 values between 0 and 255
each pixel has a brightness value on a scale from black (____) to white (___)
each pixel has a brightness value on a scale from black (0 for no brightness or intensity) to white (255 for full brightness or intensity)
it is a method of storing image information in a computer’s memory or in an image file, where one byte (8 bits) represents each pixel
8-bit color graphics
The maximum number of colors that can be displayed at once is
256
8-bit color graphics are of ___ forms
two
a picture element, containing the color or the hue and relative brightness of that point in the image
pixel
a single point in a graphic image
pixel
With care, ____ in an image can be reproduced at any size without the appearance of visible dots or squares; but in many contexts, they are reproduced as dots or squares and can be visibly distinct when not fine enough
pixels
it is quite an important thing in computer graphics. As mentioned before, computers mostly know how to do math. ____ is a field in mathematics that allows us to describe the physical layout of our everyday world. We can describe it in 3 spatial dimensions, usually denoted as x, y and z directions.
Geometry
set of values that denotes a location in a space
point
set of values that denotes a direction in a space
vector
perpendicular vectors, angle between them is 90°
Orthogonal vectors
set of points that satisfy a linear equation of two variables
line
part of a line that is bounded by two distinct points
line segment
set of points that satisfy a linear equation of three variables
plane
also called scalar product and inner product
dot product
it is composed of the primary colors Red, Green, and Blue. This
system defines the color model that is used in most color CRT monitors and color raster graphics. They are considered the “additive primaries” since the colors are added together to produce the desired color
RGB color model
it is the process of combining an image with a background to create the appearance of partial transparency
alpha compositing
Alpha compositing is mostly used in ____
2D graphics
it also used to combine images and live footage. It is a vital but simple process. To combines these images in an effective manner, it is essential to keep the matte of each element. This contains information corresponding to each element.
compositing
it is the concept designed to store information. Additional information is stored corresponding to each pixel in the alpha channel with a value between zero and one
alpha channel
A value of __ means that the pixel does not have any coverage information and is transparent, i.e. there was no color contribution from any geometry because the geometry did not overlap this pixel.
0
A value of __ means that the pixel is opaque because the geometry completely overlapped the pixel. The technique is used in many applications like Android, Mac OS, Plan 9 and many more.
1
Rendering overlapping objects that include an alpha value is called ____
alpha blending
it has been used to composite billions of pixels (if not more) to create images for print, video, film, and probably every other application of computer graphics
alpha idea
it is obviously incredibly useful for compositing images. In addition to the red, green, and blue components of each color, there is an additional optional fourth component, referred to as the color’s “alpha.”
alpha
it means transparency and is particularly useful when you want to draw elements that appear partially see-through on top of one another
alpha
it is the process by which graphical objects are combined
compositing
it uses the alpha values, or channel (bit mask) to represent the coverage of each pixel
alpha compositing
it is often said to represent the ‘opacity’. This coverage information is used to control the compositing of colors.
alpha channel
is a color component that represents the degree of transparency or opacity of a color i.e., the red, green and blue channels. It is used to determine how a pixel is rendered when blended with another. It controls the transparency or opacity of a color. Its value can be represented as a real value, a percentage, or an integer
alpha channel
