DCIT 65 | Midterms Flashcards
it has become an integral part of our social fabric
computer
two worlds have been created for humanity:
the unreal world of entertainment and a real computer technology-driven world
it is a discrepancy in access to
information technology
digital divide
enablers of the digital divide:
access, relevant technology, human ware (human capacity), infrastructure, and enabling environment
enablers fuel the following causes of the digital divide:
geography, age, education, income, race, and ethnicity
a crucial component in the digital divide. It involves obstacles that exist even if all the other remaining indicators are in place
access
obstacles in access can broadly be grouped into five categories:
geography, income, ethnicity, age, and education
There is a big digital divide between the rich industrialized countries and the poor, less industrialized countries
Geography
it is the greatest predictor of Internet and other ICT technologies’ use.
household income
One’s ethnicity has a great influence on ICT access
ethnicity
The rapid advances in technology have changed the digital inclusion landscape.
education
the computer-driven technological revolution has brought the countries of the world closer together. new technological innovations require huge amounts of money to be invested in research and development. The capital investment in technology is usually in the form of hardware and software
technology
Although there has been a steady increase in the number of computers, telephones, and other modern communication technologies in almost all countries of the world ICT products are also expensive because most outlet owners are not indigenous people; they
are foreign investors
hardware
most instances produce outputs that have very little value. for ICT equipment to be helpful, it must have a good and relevant software. ICT software in developing countries comes with the bulk of the donated ICT equipment
software
the digital divide infrastructure is related to access in many ways: good, fixed communication structures like electricity, telephones, good roads, and airports, ICT development is a lot faster. the availability of these resources helps to speed up the development of ICT structures
infrastructure
An ICT enabling environment is an environment in which ICT can thrive
enabling environments
Governments must put in place streamlined regulatory policies
Public Policy and Management Styles
ICT regulatory policies need to be
efficient, predictable, and easy to understand
one of the agents of development, countries and policy makers are making every effort to expand the digital inclusion, thus degrease the digital divide
digital inclusion
Obstacles to Overcoming the Digital Divide
Physical access
Financial access
Political access
Cultural access
able to obtain access to computers, landlines, and networks in order to access the Internet
physical access
having the means to meet the costs of ICT devices
financial access
creating the political environment that enables a faster growth of the Internet
political access
availability of images and language to carry over the digital inclusion across different cultural lines
cultural access
despite the original fear that workplace automation, not to deny that automation has caused some human displacements in the workplace. introduction of computers into offices did not bring about any significant dismissal of personnel, nor did it result in a decline in the general level of employers
ICT in the Workplace
a technology-augmented office with knowledgeable employees. the technology in the environment may include computers and computer-driven devices that help in interpersonal oral and electronic communication
The Electronic Office
As electronic gadgetry has been invading the office and the overall workplace, workers have been leaving the office
Office on Wheels and Wings
home to increasing type of employees who work very briefly in their corporate workplaces
virtual workplace
The growth of ___ is also driven by advances in office technology, it increases in speed and bandwidth of communication devices
telecommuting
they tend to be paid less because their pay is based on output, which makes output the real mechanism of monitoring telecommuters
Telecommuters
The value of benefits from this arrangement depends on individual circumstances as discussed by Kraut and reported as follows:
- gender
- nature of work
- labor supply
- age
if their primary objective for telecommuting is to take care of their families
gender
managerial, clerical, sales, or service: The nature and type of work one does also influences the kind of benefits one gets. employees may benefit by getting more freedom and flexibility in the work routine and in decision making
nature of work
companies try to find innovative ways of attracting and keeping workers in those limited-supply areas
labor supply
it may be a factor in home office productivity. both employer and employee can benefit from home offices
age
issues that negatively affect the company image are
employee morale and alienation
used to conjure up terrifying images of less control, helplessness, joblessness, and the stagnation of humanity. the concept implies the idea of massive layoffs
office automation
meaning stripping an employee of job skills in which very few people gain the skills needed for the job
diskilling
expressed the fear of diskilling in a more sarcastic way by saying that the office of the future would “leave people in only two roles: bosses and garbage collectors.”
discroll
more employees are usually hired to cope with the new technology and to handle the expanded work capacity
automation
Competition comes from not only large economies but also upcoming developing countries. These developing economies with their cheap labor costs are making this competition more costly for a number of older, more established, and mature economies
Employee Monitoring
was characterized by a top-down autocratic style of management in which the manager commanded the activities
Theory X management
The style was hierarchical with the employee ranks broken down into small semi-independent units
Theory Y
aimed at keeping worker in line, just like all other management styles, but with “voluntary” compliance by workers to company management policies and practices. it uses both worker surveillance and control as enforcement means
fear management
Management is using a wide array of surveillance gadgets and techniques. These include
polygraph tests
Drug testing
Handwriting analysis
workers have been monitored for performance evaluation because it has been used as the basis for pay and for decisions about employee advancement
Workplace Privacy and Surveillance
generally, the monitoring of employees using electronic devices like video cameras, computer equipment, audio devices, and many other concealed gadgets
Electronic monitoring
in which employees surrender the information through forms, interviews, worker sessions, and worker get-togethers
voluntary channel
electronic monitoring also causes the following problems:
- Reduced task variety
- Lack of individual initiatives
- Reduced or no peer social support
- Lack of self-esteem
- Lack of interest in the job
- Alienation
- Lack of trust among workers, between workers and supervisors, and between supervisors and management
employees take the quota to be the measure of work
Reduced task variety
not allowed to vary the procedures but follows them to the letter
Lack of individual initiatives
employee must remain where he or she can be “seen.”
Reduced or no peer social support
job steps lower employee morale and consequently self-esteem
Lack of self-esteem
many people definitely lose interest in their jobs
Lack of interest in the job
according to Shepard, is lower among workers in industries with automated technologies
Alienation
According to Shepard, a __ has freedom and control at work if he or she can vary the steps involved in doing the job. Human beings always want to feel they are in control of their work and other aspects of their lives
worker
an applied science concerned with designing human–machine interactions that offer and maintain a safe, comfortable, healthy, and habitable work environment.
Ergonomics
it results when the demand on a person to perform a task exceeds that person’s working capacity
ergonomic injury
a set of work-related musculoskeletal disorders caused by repeated and prolonged body movement resulting in damage to the fibrous and soft body tissues like tendons, nerves, and muscles
Repetitive Strain Injuries
it has also recently drawn public attention as a work hazard. it has been targeted to explain a lot of worker discomfort
stress
a trade, a business, or an occupation of which one professes to have extensive knowledge acquired through long years of experience and formal education and the autonomy of and responsibility to make independent decisions in carrying out the duties of the profession
profession
was the person who has professed the commitment
professional
four themes cover all the activities of a professional life:
(1) evolution of professions
(2) the making of an ethical professional
(3) the professional decision-making process
(4) professionalism and ethical responsibilities
describe the characteristics of professionals, and discuss how these characteristics are supported by commitment, integrity, responsibility, and accountability
evolution of professions
We then describe the ways professionals are made through both formal education and informal unstructured in- service
the making of an ethical professional
When professionals enter the workforce, their duties involve decision-making. We therefore look at the process of decision-making, the problems involved, and the guilt felt about what are perceived as wrong decisions and how to avoid them
the professional decision-making process
Professionals in their working environment encounter problems everyday that require them to check in with their moral code. We focus on professionalism and ethical responsibilities as one of those areas that requires continual consultation with individual morality and discuss how these affect professions
professionalism and ethical responsibilities
Sizer states that professions in __ were regarded a “occupations for the ‘gentlemen,’ offering a safe social niche but not large material rewards.”
eighteenth-century
