DCIT 65 | Midterms Flashcards
it has become an integral part of our social fabric
computer
two worlds have been created for humanity:
the unreal world of entertainment and a real computer technology-driven world
it is a discrepancy in access to
information technology
digital divide
enablers of the digital divide:
access, relevant technology, human ware (human capacity), infrastructure, and enabling environment
enablers fuel the following causes of the digital divide:
geography, age, education, income, race, and ethnicity
a crucial component in the digital divide. It involves obstacles that exist even if all the other remaining indicators are in place
access
obstacles in access can broadly be grouped into five categories:
geography, income, ethnicity, age, and education
There is a big digital divide between the rich industrialized countries and the poor, less industrialized countries
Geography
it is the greatest predictor of Internet and other ICT technologies’ use.
household income
One’s ethnicity has a great influence on ICT access
ethnicity
The rapid advances in technology have changed the digital inclusion landscape.
education
the computer-driven technological revolution has brought the countries of the world closer together. new technological innovations require huge amounts of money to be invested in research and development. The capital investment in technology is usually in the form of hardware and software
relevant technology
Although there has been a steady increase in the number of computers, telephones, and other modern communication technologies in almost all countries of the world ICT products are also expensive because most outlet owners are not indigenous people; they
are foreign investors
hardware
most instances produce outputs that have very little value. for ICT equipment to be helpful, it must have a good and relevant software. ICT software in developing countries comes with the bulk of the donated ICT equipment
software
the digital divide infrastructure is related to access in many ways: good, fixed communication structures like electricity, telephones, good roads, and airports, ICT development is a lot faster. the availability of these resources helps to speed up the development of ICT structures
infrastructure
An ICT enabling environment is an environment in which ICT can thrive
enabling environments
Governments must put in place streamlined regulatory policies
Public Policy and Management Styles
ICT regulatory policies need to be
efficient, predictable, and easy to understand
one of the agents of development, countries and policy makers are making every effort to expand the digital inclusion, thus degrease the digital divide
digital inclusion
Obstacles to Overcoming the Digital Divide (access)
Physical access
Financial access
Political access
Cultural access
able to obtain access to computers, landlines, and networks in order to access the Internet
physical access
having the means to meet the costs of ICT devices
financial access
creating the political environment that enables a faster growth of the Internet
political access
availability of images and language to carry over the digital inclusion across different cultural lines
cultural access
despite the original fear that workplace automation, not to deny that automation has caused some human displacements in the workplace. introduction of computers into offices did not bring about any significant dismissal of personnel, nor did it result in a decline in the general level of employers
ICT in the Workplace
a technology-augmented office with knowledgeable employees. the technology in the environment may include computers and computer-driven devices that help in interpersonal oral and electronic communication
The Electronic Office
As electronic gadgetry has been invading the office and the overall workplace, workers have been leaving the office
Office on Wheels and Wings
home to increasing type of employees who work very briefly in their corporate workplaces
virtual workplace
The growth of ___ is also driven by advances in office technology, it increases in speed and bandwidth of communication devices
telecommuting
they tend to be paid less because their pay is based on output, which makes output the real mechanism of monitoring telecommuters
Telecommuters
The value of benefits from this arrangement depends on individual circumstances as discussed by Kraut and reported as follows:
- gender
- nature of work
- labor supply
- age
if their primary objective for telecommuting is to take care of their families
gender
managerial, clerical, sales, or service: The nature and type of work one does also influences the kind of benefits one gets. employees may benefit by getting more freedom and flexibility in the work routine and in decision making
nature of work
companies try to find innovative ways of attracting and keeping workers in those limited-supply areas
labor supply
it may be a factor in home office productivity. both employer and employee can benefit from home offices
age
issues that negatively affect the company image are
employee morale and alienation
used to conjure up terrifying images of less control, helplessness, joblessness, and the stagnation of humanity. the concept implies the idea of massive layoffs
office automation
meaning stripping an employee of job skills in which very few people gain the skills needed for the job
diskilling
expressed the fear of diskilling in a more sarcastic way by saying that the office of the future would “leave people in only two roles: bosses and garbage collectors.”
discroll
more employees are usually hired to cope with the new technology and to handle the expanded work capacity
automation
Competition comes from not only large economies but also upcoming developing countries. These developing economies with their cheap labor costs are making this competition more costly for a number of older, more established, and mature economies
Employee Monitoring
was characterized by a top-down autocratic style of management in which the manager commanded the activities
Theory X management
The style was hierarchical with the employee ranks broken down into small semi-independent units
Theory Y
aimed at keeping worker in line, just like all other management styles, but with “voluntary” compliance by workers to company management policies and practices. it uses both worker surveillance and control as enforcement means
fear management
Management is using a wide array of surveillance gadgets and techniques. These include
polygraph tests
Drug testing
Handwriting analysis
workers have been monitored for performance evaluation because it has been used as the basis for pay and for decisions about employee advancement
Workplace Privacy and Surveillance
generally, the monitoring of employees using electronic devices like video cameras, computer equipment, audio devices, and many other concealed gadgets
Electronic monitoring
in which employees surrender the information through forms, interviews, worker sessions, and worker get-togethers
voluntary channel
electronic monitoring also causes the following problems:
- Reduced task variety
- Lack of individual initiatives
- Reduced or no peer social support
- Lack of self-esteem
- Lack of interest in the job
- Alienation
- Lack of trust among workers, between workers and supervisors, and between supervisors and management
employees take the quota to be the measure of work
Reduced task variety
not allowed to vary the procedures but follows them to the letter
Lack of individual initiatives
employee must remain where he or she can be “seen.”
Reduced or no peer social support
job steps lower employee morale and consequently self-esteem
Lack of self-esteem
many people definitely lose interest in their jobs
Lack of interest in the job
according to Shepard, is lower among workers in industries with automated technologies
Alienation
According to Shepard, a __ has freedom and control at work if he or she can vary the steps involved in doing the job. Human beings always want to feel they are in control of their work and other aspects of their lives
worker
an applied science concerned with designing human–machine interactions that offer and maintain a safe, comfortable, healthy, and habitable work environment.
Ergonomics
it results when the demand on a person to perform a task exceeds that person’s working capacity
ergonomic injury
a set of work-related musculoskeletal disorders caused by repeated and prolonged body movement resulting in damage to the fibrous and soft body tissues like tendons, nerves, and muscles
Repetitive Strain Injuries
it has also recently drawn public attention as a work hazard. it has been targeted to explain a lot of worker discomfort
stress
a trade, a business, or an occupation of which one professes to have extensive knowledge acquired through long years of experience and formal education and the autonomy of and responsibility to make independent decisions in carrying out the duties of the profession
profession
was the person who has professed the commitment
professional
four themes cover all the activities of a professional life:
(1) evolution of professions
(2) the making of an ethical professional
(3) the professional decision-making process
(4) professionalism and ethical responsibilities
describe the characteristics of professionals, and discuss how these characteristics are supported by commitment, integrity, responsibility, and accountability
evolution of professions
We then describe the ways professionals are made through both formal education and informal unstructured in- service
the making of an ethical professional
When professionals enter the workforce, their duties involve decision-making. We therefore look at the process of decision-making, the problems involved, and the guilt felt about what are perceived as wrong decisions and how to avoid them
the professional decision-making process
Professionals in their working environment encounter problems everyday that require them to check in with their moral code. We focus on professionalism and ethical responsibilities as one of those areas that requires continual consultation with individual morality and discuss how these affect professions
professionalism and ethical responsibilities
Sizer states that professions in __ were regarded a “occupations for the ‘gentlemen,’ offering a safe social niche but not large material rewards.”
eighteenth-century
the term profession and its requirements for membership evolved into two categories:
learned professions and common professions
which required individuals with a deep knowledge of the profession acquired through years of formal education
learned professions
which required the individuals to be noblemen who in theory did not really need to work for a living
common professions
A working professional usually observes these four types of codes:
- professional code
- personal code
- institutional code
- community code
skills must be backed up by a very well-developed knowledge base acquired through long years of formal schooling
set of highly developed skills and deep knowledge of the domain
because professionals provide either products or services, there is always a relationship between the provider of the service and the receiver of the service or the provider of the product and the receiver of the product
Autonomy
A set of guidelines provided to the professional by the profession spelling out what a professional ought to do and not do. This code protects both the image of the profession and that of the individual members. Thus, it is a requirement for the profession that members adhere to the code.
professional code
A set of individual moral guidelines on which professionals operate. In many ways, these guidelines are acquired by professionals from the cultural environment in which they grow up or live in and the religious beliefs they may practice. Whatever the case, it supplements the professional code significantly.
personal code
A code imposed by the institution for which the professional is working. This code is meant to build and maintain the public’s confidence in the institution and its employees
institutional code
it developed over a period of time based on either the religion or culture of the indigenous people in the area. It may be imposed by law or the culture of the community in which the professional works.
community code
professionalism is supported by four pillars:
commitment
integrity
responsibility
accountability
means a state of undivided loyalty to self -belief. It is honesty, uncompromising self-value, and incorruptible. comes from the Latin word integratas, which means entire, undivided, or whole
Integrity
three maxims of integrity
vision
love
commitment
capacity to anticipate and make a plan of action that will avoid obstacles and maximize benefits. a sign of good leadership, and professionals who have the initiative, the autonomy, and the authority in the provider–client relationship exemplify leadership
vision
Numerous studies have shown that people who love what they do, do it better than those who do it because they have to. The amount of love put in helps maintain morality in one’s actions because what is being done is no a longer chore but a creation, and we all know people love their own creations.
love
The vision and love applied to the work bonds the individual to whatever he or she is doing until it is done.
Commitment
deals with roles, tasks, and actions and their ensuing consequences
Responsibility
three major types of responsibilities
Service Responsibilities
Product Responsibilities
Consequential Responsibilities
In order for a professional to provide a service to a client, there must be a contract binding the professional and the client. In this contract, as in any other contract, the professional has specific responsibilities regarding the time of delivery of the service, the quality of the service, and the consequences after the service has been rendered
Service Responsibilities
If the contract between the provider and the client involves a product, the provider has the responsibility to deliver the product agreed upon on time, in good shape and of quality, and to provide documentation for safe use of the product.
Product Responsibilities
one expects liabilities for the service or product, and the professional must accept those consequential responsibilities
Consequential Responsibilities
the obligation to answer for the execution of one’s assigned responsibilities. This process involves a cycle of setting measurable outcomes and achievable goals, planning what needs to be done to meet those goals, reporting progress toward goals, evaluating the reports, and using that feedback to make improvements.
accountability
three items that encourage, maintain, and improve that higher ethical standard
formal education, licensing, and professional codes of conduct
to be effective in teaching and enforcing the pillars of professionalism, it must be targeted and incremental
formal education
grants individuals formal or legal permission to practice their profession, which tips the balance of power in the giver –receiver equation in favor of the giver
Licensing
promote the public image of the profession by specifying and enforcing the ethical behavior expected from its members.
professional codes of conduct
professional codes consist of standards, norms, and rules of conduct that address the following areas:
- Client advocacy
- Sanction mechanics
- Confidentiality
- Assessment
- Compliance
- Competence
experience and studies have shown that professions with enforceable codes have fewer discipline problems among their members than those with no codes or those with codes but without enforcement mechanisms
enforcement
two main reporting procedures
typical organizational route
short-circuit procedure
which a complaint is reported first to the local chapters if it exists. The complaint then makes its way to the top, usually to the national ethics committee.
typical organizational route
which reporting can be done at any level, and then from there a complaint is forwarded all the way to the top.
short-circuit procedure
The committee may decide to recommend any one or a combination of the following (Sanctions):
(a) probation
(b) revocation of certification
(c) request for resignation
(d) suspension from the profession at the member’s expense.
process on the books for the sanctioned professional who is not satisfied with either the ruling of the committee or the penalty imposed
appeal
quite common in the everyday activities of a professional. The process of decision making resembles a mapping with input parameters and an output decision. are caused by questioning the values attached to one’s premises as inputs to the decision being made.
Dilemmas in decision making
In an ethical decision-making process, decisions are made based on, and reflect, consequences, individual liberties, and justice. To achieve this, individuals can use any other ethical theories to frame or make ethical choices that reflect the selected ___
criteria
the outcome falls into one of the following three criteria:
- Utilitarian criterion
- Rights criterion
- Justice criterion
where decisions are made solely on the basis of their intended outcomes or consequences
Utilitarian criterion
where decisions are made based on the set of liberties the society enforces such as the Magna Carta
Rights criterion
which reflect justice. Decisions are made so that they are fair, impartial, and equitable to all
Justice criterion
our natural internal judgment system, punishing ourselves based on our moral standards or the group’s standards. plays a crucial part in ethical decision making
Guilt
professionalism and ethical responsibilities
(1) Whistle-Blowing
(2) Harassment and Discrimination
gives the impression of an act of seeking public attention
Whistle-Blowing
calling to public attention, including especially to that of a higher authority such as a government, what is considered an illegal or mismanaged act
whistle-blower
can be internal, in which case the attention is sought internally and remains within organizational channels, or it can be public, in which case it alerts everyone
Whistle-blowing
Different whistle-blowing methods have been used for years
(a) Computer Aided Methods
(b) Traditional Methods
situations can complicate whistle-blowing:
- Fear of reprisals
- Suspicion surrounding whistle-blowing
- Membership in organizational channels
to verbally or physically create an environment that is hostile, intimidating, offensive, severe, pervasive, or abusive based on a number of parameters including one’s race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, national origin, age, disability, political affiliation, marital status, citizenship, or physical appearance
Harassment
a process of making decisions that negatively affect an individual, such as denial of a service, based wholly, or partly, upon the real or perceived facts of one’s race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, national origin, age, disability, political affiliation, marital status, or physical appearance
Discrimination
The following steps are needed in fight against harassment and discrimination:
- Awareness
- Prevention
There are no clear signs of harassment, but in most cases, harassment is manifested in the following signs: unhappiness, anxiety, discomfort, stress, and lifestyle changes. If some or all of these signs start to appear in the environment where an individual is, then there is harassment. Discrimination is even harder to detect than harassment. However, there is discrimination if the decisions made are based upon the discriminatory factors above.
Awareness
The main tool for the prevention of harassment and discrimination is for an organization to have a clear and simple written policy framework setting out the procedures that must be taken if harassment and discrimination occur. The procedures must include the following: awareness/education, complaint process, sanctions, and redress.
Prevention
relates to rights and obligations, as well as privileges and incentives–all rooted from the creation and protection of IP, which “refers to creations of the mind: inventions; literary and artistic works; and symbols, names, and images used in commerce.”
intellectual property (IP) system
basic human rights involve “the right to benefit from the protection of moral and material interests resulting from authorship of scientific, literary, or artistic productions.”
IP rights
government agency mandated to administer and implement State policies on intellectual property (IP) to strengthen the protection of IP rights in the country.
Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines (IPOPHL)
IPOPHL performs the following functions to protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists, inventors, artists and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations
(1) Development-Oriented
(2) Regulatory
(3) Enforcement
(4) Adjudicatory
(5) Policy-Making
IPOPHL Values
(1) Justness
(2) Harmony and Teamwork
(3) Accountability
(4) Integrity
(5) Excellence
IPOPHL respects and promote justness, equity and equality in the delivery of services and functions, with respect to individual differences by gender, religious, social and political affiliation to ensure that nobody is deprived of their rights according to what is required by the law.
Justness
IPOPHL promotes an environment where respect and recognition prevail through the provision of venue and mechanism for posting camaraderie among team members to enhance productivity and morale.
Harmony and Teamwork
IPOPHL accepts with high responsibility and trust the consequences/results of one’s actions and decisions, guided by the government policies and rules on the use of government resources.
Accountability
IPOPHL demonstrates moral courage, honesty and decency in the performance of duties, avoids conflict of interest, conforms with the professional code of ethics, practices openness and transparency, and serves as role model for integrity within and outside IPOPHL.
Integrity
IPOPHL creates and sustains a culture of excellence in the organization
Excellence
involves innovative and creative ideas—products of the intellect. To thrive, it needs to be firmly rooted in a stable, yet flexible IP system designed to spur innovation and progress
Disruption
an exclusive right granted to the owner by government for a period of time in exchange of the full disclosure of their invention
Patent
a government- issued grant, bestowing an exclusive right to an inventor over a product or process that provides any technical solution to a problem in any field of human activity which is new, inventive, and industrially applicable.
invention patent
Exclusive Right:
Product
Process
shall also have the right to assign, or transfer by succession the patent, and to conclude licensing contracts for the same
patent owners
Statutory Classes of Invention:
- Product
- Process
- Improvement of any of the foregoing
Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines sets three conditions for an invention to be deemed patentable:
(1) it has to be new
(2) involves an inventive step
(3) industrially applicable
involves an inventive step if, having regard to prior art, it is not obvious to a person skilled in the art at the time of the filing date or priority date of the application claiming the invention. it that can be produced and used in any industry is considered industrially applicable.
invention
The term of a patent shall be __ from the filing date of the application without any possibility of renewal. The patent must be maintained yearly, starting from the 5th year.
twenty (20) years
a protection option to protect innovations that are not sufficiently inventive to meet the inventive threshold required for standard patents application. It provides protection of so-called “minor inventions” through a system similar to the patent system. In general, they are considered particularly suited for protecting inventions that make small improvements to, and adaptations of, existing products or that have a short commercial life.
utility model
any technical solution to a problem in any field of human activity which is new and industrially applicable. It may or may not have an inventive step
registrable utility model
obtains the exclusive right to prevent or stop others from commercially exploiting the utility model for a limited period.
owner of a utility model
Statutory Classes of Registrable Utility Model (Rule 201)
- product
- process
- Computer-related utility model
- improvement of any of the foregoing
it is relatively inexpensive, faster to obtain, and with less stringent patentability requirements
invention patents
as provided for in Part 2, Rule 202 of the Regulations for Patents shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to non-registrable utility models
Non-Patentable Inventions
utility model is entitled to __ years of protection from the date of filing, with no possibility of renewal. UMs are territorial. You are only protected in countries where you applied for patent protection.
seven (7) years
years from filing date (Patents)
20 years
years from filing date (Utility Models)
7 years
- a document showing the validity of the registration.
- shows the relevant prior art documents related to your UM application
- shows whether your UM is new or not
- if new, then, UM can be enforced by presenting your UM registration certificate together with the registrability report.
registrability report
the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an article. Design, in this sense, may be three-dimensional features (shape or surface of an article), or the two-dimensional features (patterns or lines of color). Handicrafts, jewelry, vehicles, appliances – the subject of industrial designs range from fashion to industrial goods.
industrial design
In order to be registrable, an industrial design must be a new or original creation
Eligibility
The registration for an industrial design is for a period of __ years from the filing date of the application.
5 years
The registration of an industrial design may be renewed for not more than two (2) consecutive periods of __ years each by paying a renewal fee. The fee should be paid within a year of the expiration of the registration.
five (5) years
a word, a group of words, sign, name, symbol, logo or a combination thereof that identifies and differentiates the source of the goods or services of one entity from those of others
trademark
Types of Marks (According to Strength):
- generic
- descriptive
- suggestive
- arbitrary
- fanciful
Names of products they seek to identify
Generic
Merely describes the goods/services
Descriptive
requires consumers to connect product with mark
Suggestive
word/image unrelated to goods/services
Arbitrary
Made up of words
Fanciful
A trademark can be protected in perpetuity if regularly monitored and properly maintained. The period of protection is __ years from the date of registration and is renewable for a period of __ years at a time.
ten (10) years
the legal protection extended to the owner of the rights in an original work that one has created
Copyright
refers to every production in the literary, scientific and artistic domain
Original work
the term of protection for copyright in literary and artistic works, and in derivative works is generally the ___ years
lifetime of the author plus fifty (50)
