Day5, Lecture 1: Biology of Cells: Cell Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

Forms of Cell Signaling

A
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2
Q

Example of intracrine signaling

A

DNA damage or reactive oxygen species inside the cell that lead to cell death

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3
Q

What is a Ligand

A

It is the signaling molecule

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4
Q

Examples of juxtacrine signaling

A
  • Notch pathway
  • Gap junctions
    • Direct connection between cytoplasm of two cells (electrical/chemical integration)
    • opening is regulated
    • Passable for molecules up to about 1,000 Dalton
    • Occurrence: everywhere, but especialy: heart muscle (signal to contract)
  • Synaptic cleft
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5
Q

Gap Junctions

A
  • Form of juxtacrine signaling
  • Direct connection between cytoplasm of two cells (electrical/chemical integration)
  • opening is regulated
  • Passable for molecules up to about 1,000 Dalton
  • Occurrence: everywhere, but especialy: heart muscle (signal to contract)
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6
Q

Auto-, para-, and endocrine signaling

A
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7
Q

Signaling pathways modulate

A

everything, including growth, differentiation, mobility, immune responses.

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8
Q

Signaling molecules

A

Range from small to large

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9
Q

Most Signaling molecules are

A
  • hydrophilic and thus require a extra-cellular receptor
    • in most cases binding of the hydrophilic ligand to the extra-cellular receptor leads to a conformational change and a signaling cascade in the cell
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10
Q

Nuclear hormones

A
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11
Q

Ligand concentrations are typically very small and thus

A

Receptor affinity is very large

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12
Q

All nuclear hormone receptors must have what two domains

A
  • DNA binding domain (DBD)
  • Ligand binding domain (LDB)
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13
Q

Estrogen Insensitivity Syndrome

A
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14
Q

Two type of nuclear hormone receptors

A
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15
Q

Agonists and Antagonists

A
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16
Q

G Protein-coupled Receptors (GPCRs)

A
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17
Q

Activation of G proteins

A
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18
Q

The cAMP signaling pathway

A
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19
Q
A
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20
Q

cAMP-dependent processes

22
Q

Second Messengers

23
Q

PIP2 Pathway

A
  • PIP2 is a lipid and is membrane associated IP3 hydrophilic and moves into the cytoplasm and moves to the ER to trigger the release of calcium
24
Q

PIP2 dependent processes

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Enzyme-linked Cell Surface receptors
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Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
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Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Activation
* Without a ligand bound the receptor is a monomer and can't autophosphorylate * Once a ligand is bound it leads to the dimerization of two receptors and thus the transphosphorylation of the tyrosines * the phosphorylated tyrosines are recognized by other proteins that leads to cascades such as the ras pathway
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Receptor Tyrosine Kinase complex responses
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Why is Ras a protooncoprotein
because it is needed in development and it is not an oncogenic protein until something goes wrong
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Why are GAP proteins functions
As their name states they are GTPase-activating proteins that will activate the GTP and lead to it cleaving the phosphate off the GTP and converting itself back to the inactive form of GDP bound GTPase
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PIP3: Phosphatidylinositol- (3,4,5)-triphosphate
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Signaling pathways that regulate Proteolysis
* Notch pathway * Wnt pathway
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What is Wnt
* a morphogen (glycoprotein) * 19 members in humans
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Wnt Pathway
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