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Parasitology > Day 7: Protozoan Parasites > Flashcards

Day 7: Protozoan Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

What is the phylum of Protozoan Parasites called

A

Sarcomastigophora

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2
Q

What is the subphylum of Protozoan parasites called

A

Apicomplexa

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3
Q

Where do protozoas replicate

A

Protozoas replicate inside the host cells
Cells are damaged when parasites leaves the cell
This leaves the gut open to other pathogens

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4
Q

What is merogony

A

Also called schizogony
Asexual division
Multiple asexual division to give many merozoites

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5
Q

What is the generalized life cycle of Protozoa

A

Asexual division
Sexual division
Sporogony

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6
Q

What is the single host epidemiology

A

Poor sanitation
Poor management
Overcrowding
Moisture
Carriers (Older animals are asymptomatic but contaminate young)
Extreme resistance of oocysts in environment
Fomits
Insects and bird carriage

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7
Q

What are the clinical signs of cyst forming coccidia

A

Diarrhea
Fever
Inappetence
Weight loss
Emaciation
Death in extreme cases

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8
Q

What is the pathology of Cyst forming coccidia

A

Emergence of the merozoites causes cell lysis of intestinal epithelium
Hemorrhage into the lumen of the intestine
Catarrhal inflammation

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9
Q

What is the species for bovine coccidiosis called

A

Eimeria bovis
Eimeria zuernii

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10
Q

How many hosts does Bovine coccidiosis have

A

One

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11
Q

How do you control Bovine coccidiosis

A

Feed lot operations
Range cattle

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12
Q

What is feline/canine coccidiosis species called

A

Isospora in dogs, cats, most carnivores and birds

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13
Q

What is the clinical signs of feline/canine coccidiosis?

A

Common in kennels
Uncommon in general
Bloody diarrhea
Weight loss
Dehydration

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13
Q

How many hosts do feline/canine coccidiosis have

A

One

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14
Q

What is the epidemiology of feline/canine coccidiosis

A

Usually seen in a kennel situation
Oocysts extremely resistant to sanitation
Oocysts are difficult to eliminate once present

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15
Q

What is the most prevalent coccidia in calves <1 month

A

Cryptosporidium parvum
Cryptosporidium muris

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16
Q

How many hosts are in calf coccidia

A

One

17
Q

What is the morphology of Cryptosporidium

A

Found in the mucosal brush boarder in the small intestine
Very small size

18
Q

What are the clinical signs for Cryptosporidium

A

Abdominal pain
General discomfort
Diarrhea

19
Q

What is the epidemiology of cryptosporidium

A

Most infected calves shed oocysts in their feces before 1 month of age
Infection occurs by fecal-oral contamination

20
Q

Is cryptosporidium zoonotic

A

Yes
It infects many animal species including humans
Cattle are the major source of human infection through contamination of aquifers
Self-limiting disease in humans resembling influenza unless there is immune compromise

21
Q

Which cyst forming coccidia has two hosts

A

Toxoplasma gondii

22
Q

What is the definitive hosts of toxoplasma gondii

A

Wild and domestic cats are the only known definitive hosts

23
Q

How do cats acquire toxoplasma gondii

A

Carnivorism-Ingestion of raw meat fed by owners
Ingestion of contaminated feces
Congenital infection

24
Q

Who are intermediate hosts of toxoplasma

A

Infect all warm-blooded mammals including humans

25
Q

What is entero-epithelial in toxoplasma gondii

A

Toxoplasma gondii
Occurs only in cats
Ingestion of tissue cyst by cat releases bradyzoites
Bradyzoites penetrate epithelial cells in gut and replicate asexually
Sexual reproduction with gametocytes produces oocytsts
Oocysts are passed in feces
Oocysts sporulate in environment
Oocysts are small

26
Q

What is the extra-intestinal life cycle of toxoplasma gondii

A

Occurs in intermediate hosts
Ingestion of infective tissue cyst or oocyst
Bradyzoites penetrate intestines and spread to other organs
Multiply in cells until the cell is destroyed
Repeat replication and eventually encyst in brain, heart, skeletal muscle, visceral organs

27
Q

What is the stage for tissue damage

A

Tachyzoite
Particularly in young animals

28
Q

What are the clinical signs of toxoplasma gondii

A

Clinical disease is rare
Puppies, piglets and kittens
Fever
Anorexia
Cough and dyspnea
Diarrhea
Jaundice
CNS dysfunction
Chorioretinitis on a fundic exam

29
Q

What happens in sheep, goats, and pigs with toxoplasma

A

Abortion

30
Q

What is the pathology of toxoplasma

A

No gross lesion (usually) but inflammation
Fetal brain often has focal areas of nonsuppurative inflammation on histology
Postmortem examination
Onset of immunity tachyzoites localize as tissue cysts in neural and muscular tissue

31
Q

What is the zoonosis symptoms of toxoplasma gondii

A

Cause serious problems in unborn children and babies
30-40% adults infected
Humans infected early in life may have recrudescence
Serious disease in immunosuppressed individuals (AIDS-defining disease)
Congenital infection occurs when tachyzoites are transmitted across the placenta from mother to child

32
Q

What is the cyst forming coccidia in Opossum called

A

Sarcocystis neurona

33
Q

Who are the intermediate hosts of of sarcocystis

A

Cats, raccoons, skunks, armadillos, harbor seals, brown-headed cowbirds, sea otters, horses and others
Majority of horses are exposed at an early age

34
Q

What is the lifecycle of Sporozoan in the Sarcocystis species

A

Develops in 2 host-cycles
Intermediate host (prey)
Final host (predator)
Transmission to definitive host is by ingestion of meat with sarcocysts

35
Q

What are clinical signs of sarcocystis in horses

A

Equine Protozoal Meningoencephalitis (EPM)
Gait abnormalities
Circling
Dysphagia
Difficult to diagnose lameness

36
Q

What is the most common cause of bovine abortion in the US

A

Cyst forming coccidia-neospora caninum
Found world-wide

37
Q

How many hosts does Neospora caninum use

A

Two

38
Q

What is the host range in Neospora caninum

A

Dogs, cattle, sheep, and horses

39
Q

What is the transmission of Neospora caninum

A

Fecal-oral from dog to cattle
Transplacental transmission

Parasitology (10 decks)

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