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Parasitology > Day 2: Trichostrongyle Nematode > Flashcards

Day 2: Trichostrongyle Nematode Flashcards

1
Q

Where is trichostrongyle relevant

A

Worldwide

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2
Q

Which species is found in the US

A

Haemonchus Contortus
Ostertagia Ostertagia
Trichostrongylus axei

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3
Q

Which species is found in Europe

A

Cooperia
Ostertagia
Trichostrongylus

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4
Q

Which species are Trichostrongyles most prevalent

A

Ruminants

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5
Q

Which species does Haemonchus occur

A

All ruminants

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6
Q

How are animals infected with Haemonchus

A

Grazing and pick up L3 larvae on pasture

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7
Q

What are some characteristics of Haemonchus in sheep

A

Severe anemia
Young lambs more susceptible
Older animals acquire immunity
Infected lambs may die

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8
Q

What are some characteristics of Haemonchus in cattle

A

Develop more chronic disease
Have impaired growth and weight gain

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9
Q

Where do Haemonchus adult worms live in the ruminant

A

Abomasum

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10
Q

What is the structure of the adult Haemonchus

A

Wire worm, small and thin
2.5-3 cm long
Barber pole appearance due to blood sucking
GI tract is filled with blood and is wrapped around the reproductive structures which are white

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11
Q

What is the clinical pathology with Haemonchus

A

Anemia is the most important finding
Anemia can occur in the absence of eggs in feces since L4 stage also sucks blood
Hypoalbuminemia ffrom the GI tract
Abomasum shows damage to the mucosa
Frank bleeding from GI tract
Coagulated blood found in abomasum

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12
Q

What are the clinical findings with Haemonchus

A

Anemia
Pale MM
Lethargy
Weakness
Lag behind flocks
Diarrhea
Scant dark feces if severe (can look like constipation)

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13
Q

What is the mosphology of Ostertagia

A

Small slender brown worms, less than 14mm

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14
Q

Where are adult ostertagia found in ruminants

A

Abomasum

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15
Q

Where is Ostertagi most economically important

A

US

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16
Q

How do Ostertagia infect ruminants

A

Grazing L3 on pasture
Arrested development (hypobiosis) at L4 stage
Remain in L3 in abomasum during winter
Once spring arrives, arrested larvae resume development

17
Q

How is pasture contaminated by Ostertagia

A

Arrested larvae resume development in ewes
Overwintering larvae in pasture “mat”

18
Q

What is the clinical pathology for Ostertagia

A

Hypoalbuminemia and Protein losing enteropathy (PLE)

19
Q

What is the clinical presentation for Type I Ostertagia

A

Young cattle grazing on pasture from July-October
L3s develop to adults in 3-4 weeks
Anorexia
Weight loss
Diarrhea

20
Q

What is the clinical presentation for Pre-Type II Ostertagia

A

No clinical signs
Arrested at L4 stage of development
Winter months

21
Q

What is the clinical presentation for Type II Ostertagia (Spring Rise)

A

Emergence and maturation of arrested L4 to adults
See signs in 10% of group (usually immunocompromised young cattle)
Diarrhea (intermittent)
Anorexia
Edema (hypoproteinemia)
Rough hair coat

22
Q

What are exam findings in ruminants with ostertagia

A

Hypoproteinemia
Mild anemia due to tissue damage with serum leakage
Bottle jaw or submandibular edema
Lethargy
Weakness
Poor body condition
Diarrhea or scant feces
Anemia is not as severe

23
Q

How long is the pathogenesis in early stage (Phase I) for Ostertagia

A

1-17 days after infection

24
Q

What occurs during Phase I of Ostertagia infection

A

L3 exsheath in rumen
Pass to abomasum
Penetrate gastric gland
Molt twice to L4 and L5 and grow
Primary nodule forms that is hyperplastic due to inflammatory response
Arrest or hypobiosis occurs at L4

25
Q

How long is the pathogenesis in mid stage (Phase II) for Ostertagia

A

17-35 days

26
Q

What occurs during Phase II of Ostertagia infection

A

Immature adults emerge from the glands
Secondary nodules form
Decreased pepsinogen due to damaged chief cells
Decreased HCl due to damaged parietal cells, which increases abomasal pH and increase in bacteria
Hyperplastic epithelium more leaky
Leaking protein into abomasum and PLE
Plasma pepsinogen becomes elevated

27
Q

What are the clinical sign in Phase II of Ostertagia infection

A

Anorexia
Impaired digestion
Weight loss
Diarrhea
Dehydration
Bottle jaw

28
Q

What is the pathology of Phase II Ostertagia

A

Moroccan leather appearance to the surface of the abomasum

29
Q

How long is the late phase (Phase III) of Ostertagia

A

35 days and beyond

30
Q

What occurs during Phase III of Ostertagia

A

Recovery phase
Animal may die if not treated
Treatments include anthelmintics, antibiotics and supportive care for dehydration

31
Q

What is the pathology of Phase III in Ostertagia

A

Numerous nodules on abomasum surface
Moroccan leather

32
Q

What is the morphology of trichostrongylus

A

Small, hair-like worms
Less than 7mm long

33
Q

Which species does Trichostrongyle affect

A

Cattle
Horses

34
Q

Where do Trichostrongylus live

A

Small intestines

35
Q

What is the clinical pathology of Trichostrongylus

A

Hypoalbuminemia
Decreased PCV

36
Q

What are the clinical findings of Trichostrongyles

A

Severe enteritis if worm burden is high
Anemia
Pale MM
Diarrhea
Lethargy
Weakness
Poor body condition
Bottle jaw

37
Q

How do you diagnose Trichostrongyle infections

A

Fecal flotation with strongyle-type eggs

Parasitology (10 decks)

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