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Parasitology > Day 6: Heartworm > Flashcards

Day 6: Heartworm Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of heartworm

A

Dirofilaria immitis

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2
Q

What is the morphology of dirofilaria immitis

A

Filarid nematode
Females are longer and bigger than males
Males have a curly tail
Primarily found in arteries and frequently in the right side of the heart

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3
Q

Who are the hosts of dirofilaria immitis

A

Domestic and wild canines
Wide range of mammals: cats
Ferrets
Sea lions
Muskrat
Otters
Humans
Other species are considered aberrant hosts

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4
Q

What is the route of infection of dirofilaria

A

From the bite of a mosquito carrying infective stage larvae (L3) in the mouthparts

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5
Q

What is the prepatent period of heartworm

A

6 months from the time the L3 is injected into the skin by the mosquito until the female worms in the dog’s heart shed L1s

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6
Q

What is a patent infection

A

Both sexes are present, females fertilized and produce larval offspring called microfilariae that circulate in the blood

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7
Q

What is an occult infection

A

Presence of adult worms in absence of circulating mf

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8
Q

True or False: The number of circulating mf is related to the number of adult worms or severity of disease

A

False
The number of circulating mf is NOT related to the number of adult worms or severity of disease

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9
Q

What is the epidemiology of dirofilaria immitis

A

Distribution of heartworm is worldwide
Lifecycle is shorter in warm climates
Transmission occurs year round in warm climates

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10
Q

What is Class I Dirofilaria immitis

A

Dogs are asymptomatic

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11
Q

What is Class II Dirofilaria immitis

A

Dogs exhibit cough or exercise intolerance

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12
Q

What is Class III (Cor Pulmonale) Dirofilaria immitis

A

Cough
Weight loss
Hemoptysis
Lethargy
Exercise intolerance
Dyspnea
Heart Failure
Large pulmonary artery
Pulmonary hypertension

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13
Q

What is allergic pneumonitis in dirofilaria immitis

A

Indistinguishable from Cor pulmonale, X-ray diagnosis, eosinophilia

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14
Q

What is Class IV in dirofilaria immitis (Caval syndomre/Liver Failure Syndrome)

A

Hemoglobinuria
Profound weakness
Anorexia
Worms must be removed surgically or dogs will die

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15
Q

What is the pathology of dirofilaria immitis

A

Adult worms found in the pulmonary arteries and right heart leading to:
Pulmonary endarteritis
Obstructive fibrosis
Pulmonary hypertension

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16
Q

How are dogs tested for Heartworm

A

Antigen tests detect adult antigens in blood for infected dogs

17
Q

How are cats tested for heartworm

A

Antibody tests
Serologic tests for antibodies to adult worm antigens

18
Q

How are mf detected

A

Detect L1 in blood of infected dogs
Knott’s test
Filter test
Absence of mf does not exclude heartworm disease

19
Q

Ivermectin is a prevention for heartworm. What does it work against

A

Ivermectin is active against L3 larvae and mf (at high doses)
Active against adults with long term use

20
Q

Milbemycin oxime is a preventative for heartworm. What does it work against

A

Active against L# and L4 larvae

21
Q

Selemectin is a preventative. What does it work against?

A

Not affective in dogs as in cats due to licking behavior

22
Q

Adulticide is a treatment. How does it work against heartworm

A

Kills dirofilaria immitis adults
Immiticide (melarsome dihydrochloride) is the arsenal compound for killing the adult worm in dogs
Only given in epaxial muscles in dogs
Melarsomine dihydrochloride is very toxic in the cat

23
Q

Which treatment drug kills circulating microfilariae L1

A

Ivermectin
Microfilaricide
Dose is safe for collies

24
Q

What is the epidemiology of heartworm in cats

A

An emerging infection
Cats are naturally resistant but can develop patent infections

25
Q

What are the clinical signs of heartworm in cats

A

Frequently nonspecific
Vomiting
Inappetence
Acute respiratory distress
Sudden death is not uncommon in infected cats

26
Q

What is the treatment in infected cats

A

Arsenical treatment can result in death
Prenisilone treatment

27
Q

How do you diagnose heartworm in cats

A

Circulating antibodies directed against dirofilaria L3 and L4 larvae

28
Q

What prevention is used for cats

A

Heartgaurd
Interceptor
Selemectin

Parasitology (10 decks)

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