Day 12: Trematode Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is the phylum of trematodes

A

Plathelminthes

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2
Q

What is the structure of trematode

A

Bilaterally symmertrical
Dorsoventrally flattened
lack a coelom
Lack complete digestive tract
Digenea have two suckers for attachment

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3
Q

What is the physiology of trematodes

A

Food is taken in at mouth and across tegument
Undigested material in gut is regurgitated=
Excretory system is made up of ciliated flame cells which push metabolic waste products along tubules to the exterior
Some materials absorbed across surface

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4
Q

What are the general characteristics of trematodes

A

Hermaphroditic, both self and cross ferilization
Sexual reproduction in a definitive host
Asexual reproduction in a snail host
High specificity for first intermediate host

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5
Q

What is a ruminant trematode called

A

Fasciola hepatica

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6
Q

What is the morphology of Fasciola haptacia

A

20mm
internal organs are highly branched and difficult to distinguish

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7
Q

What is the distribution of Fasciola hepatica

A

Florida
Lousiana
Texas
West coast

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8
Q

What are the clinical signs of Fasciola hepatica in sheep

A

Acute severe disease
Distended painful abdomen
Anemia
Sudden death due to liver damage
Clostridium novyi contributes to this

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9
Q

What are the clinical signs of Fasciola heptaica in cattle

A

Asymptomatic to chronic
Anorexia and weight loss
Anemia
Hypoproteinemia
Diarrhea or scant feces

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10
Q

What is the pathology of Fasciola hepatica

A

Hemorrages and migratory tracts in liver
Diffusely fibrotic and cirrhotic liver
interstital hepatitis

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11
Q

Which species has a “self-cure” due to acquired immunity for Fasciola heptatica

A

Cattle

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12
Q

How do you diagnose Fasciola heptaica

A

Oval operculated golden brown eggs found in fecal flotation or sedimentation
Fluke eggs will not be found in the feces during the acute stage

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13
Q

How do you control Fasciola hepatica

A

Reduce worm burden in host
Routine deworming in spring and fall
Reduce snail population
Reduce exposure of cattle or sheep to contaminated areas

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14
Q

What is the morphology of fascioloides magna

A

Large leaf shaped parasite

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15
Q

Where are fascioloides magna common

A

Great Lakes area

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16
Q

Who are the natural hosts of fascioloides manga

A

Deer
Adult flukes become encysted in the liver parenchyma of the deer and eggs are passed through a draining attract to the bile duct

16
Q

Who are abnormal hosts of fascioloides magna

A

Cattle, sheep and goats
Infected by grazing common areas with deer
Cattle encapsulate the fluke and no eggs escape
Sheep and goats do not encapsulate the fluke and great damage occurs due to liver migration

17
Q

What are the clinical signs of Fascioloides manga

A

Cattle do not show clinical signs
Sheep and goats do
Flukes do not encyst and continue to migrate
1-2 flukes can kill sheep
Limit sheep raising in upper midwest (MN,WI,MI)

18
Q

What is the pathology of Fascioloides magna

A

Diffuse black pigment develops in he liver and lymph nodes
main economic loss is through liver condemnation in cattle

19
Q

How do you diagnose Fascioloides Magna

A

Postmortem-slaughter checks
Eggs do not show up in feces of domestic ruminants

20
Q

How do you treat Fascioloides magna

A

Albendazole

21
Q

What is the dog/cat Trematode called

A

Nanophyetus salmincola

22
Q

What is the epidemiology of Nanophyetus salmincola

A

“Salmon poisoning” fluke
Distribution limited to Pacific Northwest USA
Lives in small intestines of dogs, cats and wild carnivores

23
Q

What are clinical signs of nanophyetus salmincola

A

Heavy infections lead to enteritis
Carries Neorickettsia helmintheca, which is the etiologic agent of salmon poisoning

24
Q

What are the clinical sign of salmon poisoning due to Neoricketsia helmintheca

A

Fever
Hemorrhagic enteritis
Enlarged lymph nodes
Generally fatal without antibiotic therapy

25
Q

How do you diagnose Nanophyetus salmincola

A

Fecal float or sedimentation
Intyracellular organisms can be seen on lynmph node aspirates

26
Q

How do you control Nanophyetus salmincola

A

Prevent cats and dogs from ingesting uncooked salonids

27
Q

What are the clinical signs of paragonimus kellicottti

A

Adults are in pairs in pulmonary cysts of dogs and cats
Chronic intermittent cough
Weakness
Lethargy

28
Q

How do you diagnose Paragonimus Kellicotti

A

Egg in feces
Cysts can be recognized in the lung by x-rays

29
Q

How do you treat Paragonimus kellicotti

A

Fenbendazole
Albendazole

30
Q

What is the distribution of Heterobilharzia americana

A

Texas, NC, Lousiana, FL

31
Q

What is the lifecycle of Heterobilharzia americana

A

Cercariae penetrate the skin
Cercaria migrate through the body to the lungs and liver
Adults are in the mesenteric and hepatic veins
Eggs release enzymes eroding out to lumen of intestine
Eggs hatch, miracidia enter snails and develop to cercaria

32
Q

What are the clinical signs of Heterobilharzia Americana

A

Diarrhea (which may be blood-tinged)
Vomiting
Weight loss
Lethargy
Melena

33
Q

What is the pathology of heterobilharzia americana

A

Eggs provoke a granulomatous reaction
Healing leads to scar formation and organ injury resulting in liver failure and GI malabsoprtion

34
Q

How do you control Heterobilharzia americana

A

Dog should not have contact with water through swimming canals or ponds

35
Q

How do you treat heterobilharzia americana

A

Praziquantel
Fenbendazole
Prednisolone to reduce fluke inflammation
Antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections associated with migrating or dying flukes