Day 12: Trematode Structure Flashcards
What is the phylum of trematodes
Plathelminthes
What is the structure of trematode
Bilaterally symmertrical
Dorsoventrally flattened
lack a coelom
Lack complete digestive tract
Digenea have two suckers for attachment
What is the physiology of trematodes
Food is taken in at mouth and across tegument
Undigested material in gut is regurgitated=
Excretory system is made up of ciliated flame cells which push metabolic waste products along tubules to the exterior
Some materials absorbed across surface
What are the general characteristics of trematodes
Hermaphroditic, both self and cross ferilization
Sexual reproduction in a definitive host
Asexual reproduction in a snail host
High specificity for first intermediate host
What is a ruminant trematode called
Fasciola hepatica
What is the morphology of Fasciola haptacia
20mm
internal organs are highly branched and difficult to distinguish
What is the distribution of Fasciola hepatica
Florida
Lousiana
Texas
West coast
What are the clinical signs of Fasciola hepatica in sheep
Acute severe disease
Distended painful abdomen
Anemia
Sudden death due to liver damage
Clostridium novyi contributes to this
What are the clinical signs of Fasciola heptaica in cattle
Asymptomatic to chronic
Anorexia and weight loss
Anemia
Hypoproteinemia
Diarrhea or scant feces
What is the pathology of Fasciola hepatica
Hemorrages and migratory tracts in liver
Diffusely fibrotic and cirrhotic liver
interstital hepatitis
Which species has a “self-cure” due to acquired immunity for Fasciola heptatica
Cattle
How do you diagnose Fasciola heptaica
Oval operculated golden brown eggs found in fecal flotation or sedimentation
Fluke eggs will not be found in the feces during the acute stage
How do you control Fasciola hepatica
Reduce worm burden in host
Routine deworming in spring and fall
Reduce snail population
Reduce exposure of cattle or sheep to contaminated areas
What is the morphology of fascioloides magna
Large leaf shaped parasite
Where are fascioloides magna common
Great Lakes area
Who are the natural hosts of fascioloides manga
Deer
Adult flukes become encysted in the liver parenchyma of the deer and eggs are passed through a draining attract to the bile duct
Who are abnormal hosts of fascioloides magna
Cattle, sheep and goats
Infected by grazing common areas with deer
Cattle encapsulate the fluke and no eggs escape
Sheep and goats do not encapsulate the fluke and great damage occurs due to liver migration
What are the clinical signs of Fascioloides manga
Cattle do not show clinical signs
Sheep and goats do
Flukes do not encyst and continue to migrate
1-2 flukes can kill sheep
Limit sheep raising in upper midwest (MN,WI,MI)
What is the pathology of Fascioloides magna
Diffuse black pigment develops in he liver and lymph nodes
main economic loss is through liver condemnation in cattle
How do you diagnose Fascioloides Magna
Postmortem-slaughter checks
Eggs do not show up in feces of domestic ruminants
How do you treat Fascioloides magna
Albendazole
What is the dog/cat Trematode called
Nanophyetus salmincola
What is the epidemiology of Nanophyetus salmincola
“Salmon poisoning” fluke
Distribution limited to Pacific Northwest USA
Lives in small intestines of dogs, cats and wild carnivores
What are clinical signs of nanophyetus salmincola
Heavy infections lead to enteritis
Carries Neorickettsia helmintheca, which is the etiologic agent of salmon poisoning
What are the clinical sign of salmon poisoning due to Neoricketsia helmintheca
Fever
Hemorrhagic enteritis
Enlarged lymph nodes
Generally fatal without antibiotic therapy
How do you diagnose Nanophyetus salmincola
Fecal float or sedimentation
Intyracellular organisms can be seen on lynmph node aspirates
How do you control Nanophyetus salmincola
Prevent cats and dogs from ingesting uncooked salonids
What are the clinical signs of paragonimus kellicottti
Adults are in pairs in pulmonary cysts of dogs and cats
Chronic intermittent cough
Weakness
Lethargy
How do you diagnose Paragonimus Kellicotti
Egg in feces
Cysts can be recognized in the lung by x-rays
How do you treat Paragonimus kellicotti
Fenbendazole
Albendazole
What is the distribution of Heterobilharzia americana
Texas, NC, Lousiana, FL
What is the lifecycle of Heterobilharzia americana
Cercariae penetrate the skin
Cercaria migrate through the body to the lungs and liver
Adults are in the mesenteric and hepatic veins
Eggs release enzymes eroding out to lumen of intestine
Eggs hatch, miracidia enter snails and develop to cercaria
What are the clinical signs of Heterobilharzia Americana
Diarrhea (which may be blood-tinged)
Vomiting
Weight loss
Lethargy
Melena
What is the pathology of heterobilharzia americana
Eggs provoke a granulomatous reaction
Healing leads to scar formation and organ injury resulting in liver failure and GI malabsoprtion
How do you control Heterobilharzia americana
Dog should not have contact with water through swimming canals or ponds
How do you treat heterobilharzia americana
Praziquantel
Fenbendazole
Prednisolone to reduce fluke inflammation
Antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections associated with migrating or dying flukes
