Data - Renal

Question 1

Relevance of plasma urea/creatinine ratio?

Answer 1

Levels increase as GFR decrease

Not a reliable measure of kidney function

Question 2

eGFR in stages of chronic kidney disease?

Answer 2

CKD: (eGFR measured in ml/min/1.73m2
Stage 1: eGFR >90 with kidney damage
Stage 2: eGFR 60-90
Stage 3: eGFR 30-60
Stage 4: eGFR 15-30
Stage 5: eGFR <15

Question 3

What happens to potassium in renal disease?

Answer 3

Increased K+ occurs in acute and chronic renal disease

Question 4

What happens to bicarbonate in renal disease?

Answer 4

Decreases commonly in acute and chronic kidney disease

Question 5

What happens to calcium and phosphate in renal disease?

Answer 5

Calcium decreases (impaired vit D3 activation)
Phosphate increases
in CKD

Question 6

What happens to urate in renal disease?

Answer 6

Increases in CKD (not in gout)

Question 7

Increased alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone?

Answer 7

Can be due to secondary hyperparathyroidism related to decreased calcium and increased phosphate

Question 8

Causes of proteinuria?

Answer 8

Glomerulonephritis
Diabetes mellitus
Amyloidosis
SLE
Infection

Question 9

Causes of painful haematuria?

Answer 9

UTI
Renal stones (with obstruction)

Question 10

Causes of painless haematuria

Answer 10

Lots:
Glomerulonephritis
TUMOURS
Lots of other renal problems

Question 11

Difference between nephrogenic and cranial diabetes insipidus?

Answer 11

Nephrogenic
Usually genetic mutation in tubular AVP receptor

Cranial:
Lack of AVP produced from pituitary

Question 12

Action of drugs in treatment of hyperkalaemia?

Answer 12

Calcium gluconate - Heart protection! protects myocytes, works quickly.
Insulin in 10% dextrose - moves K+ into cells temporarily (salbutamol does the same)

Calcium resonium - slowly works, only one that actually removes K+