Data - Cardiovascular

Question 1

Lipid deposits on palmar and extensor surfaces of hands, and other tendons?

Answer 1

Xanthomata

Question 2

Lipid deposits on eyelids?

Answer 2

Xanthelasmata

Question 3

Creamy yellow discolouration to boundary of iris?

Answer 3

Corneal arcus - cholesterol deposits

Question 4

Collapsing pulse a sign of what?

Answer 4

Aortic regurgitation

Question 5

Slow rising pulse a sign of what?

Answer 5

Severe aortic stenosis

Question 6

Pulsus paradoxus causes?

Answer 6

Cardiac tamponade

Constrictive pericarditis

Question 7

Causes of secondary hypertension?

Answer 7

Renal arterial disease
Phaeochromocytoma
Conn's Syndrome
Cushing's syndrome
Coarctation of the aorta
Adult polycystic kidney disease

Question 8

ECG leads:

What are septal leads?

Answer 8

V1 and V2 - LAD

Question 9

ECG leads:

What are inferior leads?

Answer 9

II, III and aVF - RCA&raquo_space; LCx

Question 10

ECG leads:

What are anterior leads?

Answer 10

V3 and V4 - LAD

Question 11

ECG leads:

What are lateral leads?

Answer 11

I, aVL, V5, V6 - LCx

Question 12

Draw and explain the JVP waveform

Answer 12

Peaks:
a - atria contracting
c - tricuspid valve closing (start of systole)
v - atria filled
Troughs:
x - ventricles contracting and emptying
y - atria emptying (before contracting)

Question 13

Funnel chest proper name - sternum pushed in (posteriorly)

Answer 13

Pectus excavatum

Question 14

Pigeon chest proper name - sternum pushed out (anteriorly)?

Answer 14

Pectus carinatum

Question 15

Bell of stethoscope useful for what in auscultating the heart?

Answer 15

Apex and left sternal edge:
diastolic murmur (mitral stenosis)
3rd and 4th heart sounds

Question 16

S1 and S2 heart sounds are due to what?

Answer 16

S1 - atrioventricular valves closing - start of ventricular systole
S2 - pulmonary/aortic valves closing - end of ventricular systole

Question 17

Aortic stenosis murmur?

Answer 17

Ejection systolic murmur - not pan-systolic

Best heard at upper right sternal edge and radiates to carotids

Question 18

Mitral regurgitation murmur?

Answer 18

Pan systolic

Best heard at apex and radiates to axilla

Question 19

Diastolic murmurs? Types and causes

Answer 19

“early” diastolic murmur - aortic regurgitation - best heard at left sternal edge leaning forward, breath held out
Mid diastolic murmur - mitral stenosis - best heard with bell at apex

Question 20

ABPI?

Answer 20

Ankle to brachial pressure index
<0.9 = significant lower limb ischaemia; intermittent claudication
<0.4 = critical limb ischaemia

Question 21

Discolouration of lower legs in chronic venous insufficiency?

Answer 21

Lipodermatosclerosis
Haemosiderin deposition in skin
May be deep blue/black, purple, bright red