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CFD Paramedic Course > Dale's Review Concepts II > Flashcards

Dale's Review Concepts II Flashcards

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1
Q

___ = Unicellular organism that harm the body by producing endotoxins & exotoxins

A

Bacteria

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2
Q

____ = obligate intracellular parasites

A

Viruses

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3
Q

Endotoxins VS exotoxin

A

Endotoxins = poisonous/harmful stuff in bacterial cell wall = inflammation, sepsis, etc.

Exotoxin = poisonous/harmful stuff is Ed bacteria, when released outside = cause damage

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4
Q

What are pyrogens?

A

Messengers released from WBCs that tell hypothalamus to make fever

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5
Q

Name the 5 P’s for assessing an Arterial Occlusion

A 
Pain
Pulseless
Pale
Parenthesia
Paralysis
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6
Q

What is Claudication?

A

Cramping pn (usually in calves) gets worse w/ exercises, goes away w/ rest DT ischemia from Clot

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7
Q

_____ = a group of mental disorders = reality distortion, social withdrawal, disturbed thoughts/emotions/perception.

A

Schizophrenia

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8
Q

You have a psych pt you suspect is schizophrenic. At what age does this disorder usually start

A

Early adulthood

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9
Q

What’s Boyles law?

A
  • think: Boyle = bottle. A small O2 bottle really high pressure. Big bottle does not*

Boyles law = volume gas inverse to it’s pressure

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10
Q

What’s Dalton’s Law

A

*Think: Dalton… ALL IN 100%”

Dalton’s law = sum of ALL partial pressures IN a gas = 100%

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11
Q

What’s Henry’s law

A
  • think: Henry = Tennessee. They drink coke in Tennessee. Co2 in a coke can bubbles to top of coke can”

Henry’s law = concentration of gas in liquid = partial pressure of gas above liquid

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12
Q

What’s Charles law?

A
  • Think: Charlie and the Chocolate factory. Wonka rides an air balloon. Air expands w/ heat.*

Charle’s law = vol. of gas expands w/ heat (gets smaller w/ cold)

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13
Q

What is prinzmetal Angina?

A

Angina that happens DT coronary artery vasospasm. From stress, exercise, hyperventilation, cold weather.

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14
Q

Pt fell asleep outside in winter, currently has CC: numb foot that appears yellow, white w/ mottled blue spots. What is wrong? What RX?

A

Frost bite.

Rx = splint, dry loose dressing, no let pt use it/stand on it, don’t rewarm it unless MCP tells you too.

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15
Q

Frost nip vs Frost bite

A

Frost nip = mild form, numb/tingling, easily reversible

Frostbite = full ischemic injury DT frozen tissue

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16
Q

Superficial vs Deep frost Bite

A

Superficial = Underlying tissue remains soft (numb burning tingling)

Deep = yeah. Yellow/white/mottled blue, numb = gangrene later

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17
Q

Trench foot vs frost bite

A

Trench foot same as frost bite but DT long cool/wet exposure. Can happen @ higher temps like 60F

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18
Q

Pt has itchy red/purple lesions on body after prolonged cold exposure. What is it?

A

Chilblains

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19
Q

What conditions & meds make a pt more susceptible to hypothermia?

A 
Hypothyroidism
Hypoglycemia
Immobile
Over aggressive Heatstroke Rx
Any med that vasodilates
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20
Q

How do trauma pts lose a lot of heat?

A

Direct contact w/ ground/pavement

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21
Q

Typical SS of hypothermia

A

Stumble, mumble, fumble, grumble

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22
Q

What temp range is mild hypothermia and what SS?

What Rx?

A

95-90F (35-32)
All the umbles (stumble, mumble, grumble, fumble)

Rx = passive warming (blankets + heater)

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23
Q

What temp range is moderate hypothermia? What SS?

What Rx

A

90-82F (32-28)

Pt shivering stops
Osborn waves @ 90F

Rx: Active external warming

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24
Q

What temp range is severe hypothermia?

What Rx

A

75-68F (24-20)

Rx = warm fluids

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25
Q

Hypothermia can be confused with what other emergencies?

A

CVA, TBI, ETOH, psych

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26
Q

How would you Rx a hypothermic cardiac arrest differently from a normal one?

A

No vaso pressures until pt at 86F (check local protocol)

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27
Q

True or false: rough handling of a hypothermic pt can cause vfib.

A

False. No evidence of this

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28
Q

You must always resuscitate a hypothermic cardiac arrest pt. What are exceptions to this?

A

Submersion in water >1 hr (unless icy)

CBT < 50F

Frozen so stiff, compressions not possible

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29
Q

What is a toxidrome?

A

Groups of poisonings that have the similar/predictable SS

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30
Q

What are the 5 toxidromes

A 
Narcotic
Sympathomimetic
Sedative-hypnotic
Cholinergic
Anticholinergic
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31
Q

Pt has Resp depression, pinpoint pupils, Brady, sleepy/coma, IV tracks. What toxidrome?

A

Narcotic

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32
Q

Pt has fight/flight SS, hyperthermic, paranoia, HTN, seizures, cardiac dysrhythmias. What toxidrome?

A

Sympathomimetic

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33
Q

Pt has respiratory depression, sleepy, w/ normal pupils. What toxidrome?

A

Sedative-hypnotic. Only narcotics will make pinpoint pupils

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34
Q

Pt has DUMBELS or SLUDGEM SS. What toxidrome

A

Organophosphate

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35
Q

Pt is red, dry, hyperthermic, and altered/delirious. What toxidrome?

A

Anticholinergic.

Think “red as a beat, dry as a bone, hot as a hare, mad as a hatter”

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36
Q

What drug class: stimulants

A

Sympathomimetic s (uppers)

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37
Q

What drug class is marijuana

A

Sympathomimetic

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38
Q

What drug class is ETOH

A

CNS depressant

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39
Q

How can you tell if someone OD on a barbiturate or benzo?

A

Similar to alcohol/Drunk SS

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40
Q

Classic SS of a cyanide poisoning

A

Smell of almonds

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41
Q

Rape drugs are what class of drugs?

A

Strong Benzos

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42
Q

How does hydrofluoric acid/ hydrogen fluoride affect the body? What Rx?

A

It leaches Cations from you = lethal & quick death

Rx = cations (Na, Ca, K)

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43
Q

What lethal dysrhythmia can a tricyclic antidepressant develop into? What is the Rx?

A

Rx = sodium bicarb

Tricyclic OD can = torsades. At this point, use mag sulfate

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44
Q

What is a salicylate? How does an OD affect the body?

A

Salicylate = analgesic like aspirin.

OD = metabolic acidosis

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45
Q

Why cant you give aspirin to kids?

A

Reye’s syndrome = cerebral edema & liver failure

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46
Q

What happens when you OD on Tylenol (acetaminophen)?

A

NV = pn = metabolic acidosis & AKF

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47
Q

___ = fluid builds up in pericardial sac & compresses the heart, disrupting CO

A

Pericardial tamponade

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48
Q

You suspect a pt has pericardial tamponade. What SS to look for?

What Rx?

A

Beck’s triad:
JVD, muffled heart sounds, narrowing pulse pressure (early sign), hypotension

Rx =. Fluids PRN to maintain CO. Pt needs a pericardialcentesis

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49
Q

What’s Cauda Equine Syndrome?

A

Compression of nerve bundle @ end of spinal cord (L1) DT trauma, tumor, infection, herniation = neuro/bowel issues

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50
Q

Pt had recent MVC w/ Low back injury. Now has SS: low back pn, loss of sensation/motor function in legs, ACUTE BLADDER/BOWEL ISSUES. What’s wrong?

A

Cauda Equine Syndrome

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51
Q

What is autonomic dysreflexia?

A

Parasympathetic NS doesn’t work below spine injury = sympathetic overdrive

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52
Q

Pt had a spinal cord injury above T4-T6. After some time, pt now has SS: HTN, seizure, Brady, chills w/ no fever, blurred vision, dilated pupils, dysrhythmias. What’s wrong?

A

Autonomic Dysreflexia. His sympathetic NS is in overdrive

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53
Q

Explain the “nail in Back” (Brown-Sequard syndrome_

A

Partial damage to spinal cord DT penetrating trauma or ischemia (lesion/tumor/clot) = SS to involved side

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54
Q

Pt has ipsilateral motor loss & contralateral pn/temp sensation below the site of a spinal injury. What’s wrong?

A

Brown-Sequard syndrome

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55
Q

What is HONK/HHS ?

A

Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma = hyperglycemia (>600 mg/dL) for DM type II

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56
Q

What is DKA?

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis = hyperglycemia (>350/400 mg/dL) for DM type I

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57
Q

HONK vs DKA

A

Both are hyperglycemia. HONK is for type II, DKA for type I.

In HONK, there is still insulin & glucose = no ketones in blood

DKA = no insulin = ketones & acidosis

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58
Q

Pt takes amaryl & metformin and had a recent infection. Now has SS: altered, hypotensive, dry warm skin. What’s wrong? What Rx?

A

Pt has DM Type II (ex. Metformin) & got an infection which spiked his BGL into HONK. He’s now severely dehydrated as a result.

Rx = secure airway & aggressive fluid resuscitation (500ml bolus)

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59
Q

Type I vs Type II DM

A

Type I = congenital or after 30. Autoimmune response destroys beta cells = no insulin

Type II = Hyperglycemia DT insulin resistance from poor lifestyle

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60
Q

Pt has polyuria, polydipsia, hypotension, AMS. No glucose in urine. What’s wrong?

A

Diabetes insipidus

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61
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

Body can’t keep fluids DT lack of ADH or kidney issue = dehydration, electrolyte imbalance

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62
Q

Useless growth in body from cellular mutation (cancer of brain/spinal cord). What is it?

A

A neoplasm

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63
Q

New onset seizure in middle age/older adults. Serious or no?

A

Serious. Could indicate brain tumor. All new onset seizures need a CT scan

64
Q

Ottitis Media vs Externa

A

Otitis Media = inner ear infection

Otitis Externa = outer ear infection

65
Q

Pt has itchy painful ear after day at the beach. You check and its inflamed and red inside. What’s wrong?

A

Otitis Externa

66
Q

Pt has vertigo fever, ear pn w/ dizziness. What’s wrong?

A

Ottitis media

67
Q

Why do kids get more inner ear infections than adults (ottitis media)?

A

Kid Eustachian tubes more horizontal than vertical = poor draining = higher infection risk.

68
Q

Why can ottitis media (inner ear infection) be serious?

A

It’s often linked to brain abscesses

69
Q

Number one sign of Renal Calculi (kidney stones)?

Number one way to prevent them?

A

Hematuria

Prevention = hydration!

70
Q

Pt has intense radiating flank pn, hematuria, pale diaphoretic. What’s wrong?

A

Kidney stones (renal calculi)

71
Q

Following a boxing match, pt has curtain coming down over their vision & sees floaters/specks. What’s wrong?

A

Detached Retina

72
Q

Pt has sudden painless vision loss in one eye. What’s wrong?

A

Central Artery Occlusion (pt has a clot in their eye)

73
Q

What is hyphema?

A

Bleeding in anterior chamber of eye DT blunt trauma

74
Q

Pt has photophobia, pn, blurred vision following blunt trauma to their eye. You notice the bottom half of pupil filled w/ blood. What’s wrong?

A

Hypema

75
Q

Pt has a sunken in stomach (scaphoid belly), unequal lung sounds, and heart sounds in an an unusual spot. What’s wrong?

A

Diaphragmatic Hernia

76
Q

On which side of the body does a diaphragmatic Hernia usually happen?

A

The L side. Liver usually covers all of the R side

77
Q

What NS is fight or flight?

A

Sympathetic

78
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic NS

A

Norepinephrine

79
Q

What are the receptor sites of the Sympathetic NS? What do they each do?

A 
A1 = vasoconstriction
A2 = vasodilate
B1 = Heart (ino/chromo/dromotropic)
B2 = bronchodilator
B3 = shiver & vagina stuff
80
Q

What NS is “rest/repose, feed/breed”

A

The parasympathetic NS

81
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic NS?

A

Acetylcholine

82
Q

What are the receptor sites of the parasympathetic NS?

A

Muscarinic & Nicotinic

83
Q

Pt has sudden back & abdominal pn/tenderness w/ shock SS. You suspect possible AAA. What other SS will confirm this?

A

Pt has need to bear down.

Pulsating mass on abdomen

84
Q

Pt has unbearable tearing chest pain that radiates back between shoulder blades. You BP and notice one arm has a higher BP than the other (20mmHg difference) whats wrong?

A

Thoracic aneurysm

85
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

What is the inside opening called?

A

From inner most to outer most…. Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica Adventitia.

Inside opening = lumen

86
Q

Normal P wave length

A

< 0.12s

87
Q

Normal PRI

A

0.12 - 0.20s

88
Q

Normal QRS

A

0.6 - 0.11s

89
Q

Normal QT interval

A

< 1/2 preceding R-R interval or 0.30-0.45s

90
Q

How many seconds is a small box on an ECG? A big Box?

A

Small = 0.04s

Big = 0.20s

91
Q

How long are the marks at the bottom of an ECG strip?

A

3s

92
Q

Subdural vs epidural hematoma

A

Both you get knocked out and regain consciousness…

Subdural = slowly deteriorate (venous bleed)

Epidural = rapid deterioration (arterial bleed)

93
Q

Pt has flu SS w/ CP worsened by productive cough. Sputum is greenish w/ streaks of blood. Pt is dehydrated. What’s wrong?

A

Pneumonia

94
Q

What kind of ppl easily get pneumonia?

A

Immune compromised
Smokers
Chronic illness pts
People w/ ventilatory compromise (bedridden, asthma, COPD, sedentary)

95
Q

Pt has sudden weight loss, cough >3 wks, fever, hemoptysis, and night sweats. What’s wrong? What BSI?

A

TB

Use surgical mask & air ventilations in tract

96
Q

What placed people usually have TB?

A

Homeless, poor, long term care facilities

97
Q

What’s a Bruit?

A

Abnormal whooshing sound auscultated over vessel = turbulent flow (atherosclerotic disease)

98
Q

How long does it take food to go from mouth to anus

A

8-72 hours

99
Q

What’s peristalsis?

A

Smooth muscle contractions to move food through GI

100
Q

In the stomach, food gets converted to ____

A

Chyme

101
Q

Food exits the stomach via the ____ into the duodenum

A

Pyloric valve

102
Q

What vessels take nutrients from the small intestines to the liver?

A

The Portal veins

103
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Links endocrine & nervous system

Body functions & emotions

104
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Secrete hormones to control all other glands

105
Q

What does the Thyroid gland do?

A

Regulate metabolism and calcium levels

106
Q

1 cause of renal calculi?

A

Hypercalcemia

107
Q

What does the thymus gland do?

A

Immune system: matures T cell lymphocytes

108
Q

What is unique about the thymus gland compared to others?

A

It goes away by your 20s. T cell lymphocytes live long, so it is not needed anymore

109
Q

Why does the pancreas have a dual function: exocrine & endocrine?

A

Exocrine = secretes digestive enzymes for protein break down

Endocrine = alpha, beta, delta cells make glucagon, insulin, Somatostatin (respectively)

110
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal hormones?

A

Cortex & medulla (inside cortex)

*think “medulla - middle”

111
Q

What hormones from adrenal cortex?

A

Aldosterone = Na + water retention

Cortisol = blood glucose maintenance

112
Q

What hormones does the Adrenal Medulla secrete

A

Epi & norepi

113
Q

What are androgens?

A

All male hormones (ex. Testosterone)

114
Q

What hormones do the ovaries secrete?

A

Estrogen = sex development

Progesterone = Prepares uterus for pregancy/periods

some testosterone

115
Q

Briefly explain the inflammatory process, starting w/ “vessels…”

A
  • Vessels constrict, then dilate & get permeable
  • Fluids leak through = swelling
  • Mast Cells release histamine
116
Q

What’s another name for WBCs

A

Lymphocytes

117
Q

What are 3 functions of the lymphatic system

A
  • Fluid balance
  • Circulates WBCs (lymphocytes)
  • Nutrient/hormone transport
118
Q

Where is the thymus & what does it do?

A

between upper sternum & aorta

  • Matures T cells & lymphocytes
119
Q

where is your spleen & what does it do?

A

LUQ

Filters blood

120
Q

___ = outside, visible part of the ear

A

The Pinna

121
Q

___ = aka “ear drum”

A

Tympanic membrane

122
Q

What inner ear structure controls balance & looks like a sea shell

A

Semicircular canals/ Cochlea

123
Q

__ = aka “ear wax”

A

Cerumen

124
Q

What instrument is used to examine ear canal

A

Otoscope

125
Q

Best laryngoscope blade for a pediatric and why?

A

A miller blade (the straight one). Allows for better control of kids’ bigger tongues

126
Q

What is the narrowest part of a pediatric trachea? (During intubation)

A

The cricoid ring (under the glottis/vocal cords)

127
Q

Cranial nerve I (name & function)

A

Olfactory Nerve = Sensory reception & smell

imagine: olFACTORY = A SINGLE (one) perfume factory (smell)

128
Q

Cranial nerve II (name & function)

A

II = Optic nerve = sight

think: you need TWO (II) eyes to SEE (vision)

129
Q

Cranial Nerve III (name and function)

A

III = oculomotor = eye/eyelid movement & pupil size

  • think: Three (syllables) = OC - CU - LO*
130
Q

Cranial nerve IV (name and function)

A

IV = Trochlear = downward/inward eye movement

think: look DOWN INto the TRUNK (sounds like Troch) FOR (IV) stuff*

131
Q

Cranial nerve V (name and function)

A

V = Trigeminal = jaw/chewing & touch sense in face/scalp/teeth/cornea

  • think… The GEMINI (trigeminal) killed FIVE (V) people and ripped their FACES (pain location) off*
132
Q

Cranial nerve VI (name and function)

A

VI = abducens = lateral eye movement

6(VI) virgins were ABDUCted (Abudcens) during the lateral eye movement

133
Q

Cranial nerve VII (name and function)

A

VII = facial nerve = expressions, secretions, blinking, taste

*think: what does your face DO?”

134
Q

Cranial Nerve VIII (name and function)

A

VIII = vestibulocochlear = hearing/balance sense

think: Vestibule + cochlea are in the ears

135
Q

Cranial nerve IX (name and function)

A

IX = Glossopharyngeal = swallow, salivate, taste

  • think pharyngeal = Pharynx (tongue stuff)*
136
Q

Cranial nerve X (name and Function)

A

X = Vagus = swallow, pharynx/epiglottis, Parasympathetic NS

think Vagus = VEGAS. Drink until your heart stops (brady)

137
Q

Cranial nerve XI (name & function)

A

XI = Accessory = SHoulder/head movement

Think accessories go on your head & shoulders

138
Q

Cranial nerve XII (name & function)

A

XII = hypoglossal = tongue movement

think = lick your lips (tongue) to make them glossy.

139
Q

What is the BP equation

A

BP = CO x SVR

140
Q

What’s the equation for cardiac output

A

CO = SV x HR

141
Q

What’s the equation for MAP?

A

MAP = DBP + 1/3 (SBP -DBP)

142
Q

What’s the formula for Stroke Volume

A

SV = preload x contractility mediated by afterload (AKA SVR)

143
Q

What is the pediatric BP formula

A

SBP = 70 + ( 2 x age)

144
Q

Pt w/ recent child birth complains of lower ab pain, foul discharge, fever, NV. What’s wrong?

A

Endometritis

145
Q

What is Endometritis? Who gets it?

A

Inflammation of endometrium DT bacteria common after birth or miscarriage

146
Q

Pt has heavy long periods, pn during sex, rectal pressure, and constant deep pn @ low back/ab/pelvis. What’s wrong?

A

Endometriosis

147
Q

What is Endometriosis. What is a main complication.

A

Tissue identical to endometrium grows outside uterus = ectopic pregnancy risk

148
Q

What organ controls your breathing? How?

A

medulla reads CO2 and pH in CSF

Pons controls breathing rhythm

149
Q

What structures are located in the brain stem

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

150
Q

What does the midbrain do

A
  • Eye reflex/movement,
  • coordinated motor activity
  • brain-spinal cord message relay
151
Q

What does the pons do?

A

Relays signals up/down, breathing, sleep cycle

152
Q

What does the Medulla oblongata do?

A

all VS & respirations

153
Q

What chemoreceptors are in the Medulla?

A

CO2 & pH of CSF

154
Q

What chemoreceptors are in the carotid & Aortic bodies

A

Po2, Pco2, pH

155
Q

What are baroreceptors? Where are they?

A

Detect BP changes in aortic arch, carotid sinus, kidneys

CFD Paramedic Course (12 decks)

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