D4 - Effects on the cardiovascular system Flashcards
1
Q
What does the body require to create energy?
A
- heightened levels of oxygen and nutrients
2
Q
What does anticipatory rise do?
A
- when the heart starts to beat faster before any physical activity has occurred
3
Q
Anticipatory rise …
A
- to prepare the body for the demands it will face
- sympathetic nervous system will initiate increased heart rate based on chemo receptors in the blood
- send signals to SA node to increase the ‘rhythm’ of the heart ready for exercise (release of adrenaline)
- largest anticipatory rise effect can be seen in short sprints
4
Q
Increased heart rate …
A
- medulla receives signals from chemo receptors and sympathetic nervous system identifying the need for more oxygen
- increase rate at which the heart beats
- pumping strength increases due to messages from the medulla
- distribution of blood flow is altered in proportion with the amount/ intensity of exercise undertaken
5
Q
Increased cardiac output …
A
- the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle to the body in one minute
- during activity in sport/exercise the amount of oxygenated blood required increases, therefore more blood is pumped at a faster rate
- stroke volume does not increase unless taking part in high intensity exercise, there is only a slight increase then
- major change in cardiac output come from a significant increase in heart rate
- maximum possible cardiac output is affected by age (due to having lower maximum heart rate)
- reliant on ‘venous return’
6
Q
What is the equation to calculate cardiac output?
A
cardiac output = heart beat x stroke volume
- heart beat = amount of times the heart beats per minute
- stroke volume = amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat
7
Q
What is Starling’s law?
A
- stroke volume is dependent on the amount of blood sent back to the heart (venous return)
- the lower the venous return, the lower potential stroke volume
8
Q
Increased blood pressure …
A
- during exercise systolic pressure increases but diastolic pressure either stays the same or decreases
- increased demands of muscles for oxygen
- heart is working harder (pumping blood faster)
- diastolic drops/ stays the same, as the vessels vasodilate to allow more blood to pass through them
- readings will show systolic pressure over diastolic recording mm-Hg (millimeters of mercury)
9
Q
What is blood pressure?
A
- the pressure of the blood against the walls of the arteries
- resulting in two forces; systolic and diastolic
10
Q
What is systolic blood pressure?
A
- the pressure exerted on your artery walls when your heart contracts and forced blood out of the heart and into your body
11
Q
What is diastolic blood pressure?
A
- the pressure on the blood vessel walls when the heart is relaxed between beats and is filling with blood
12
Q
Redirection/ redistribution is …
A
- muscles require more oxygen when exercising
- body redirects blood flow to these areas
- blood is channeled to certain areas of the body using vasodilation and vasoconstriction of blood vessels
- certain areas of the body will see a reduction in blood flow
13
Q
Short term effects of the cardiovascular system are …
A
- anticipatory rise
- increased heart rate
- increased cardiac output
- increased blood pressure
- redistribution of blood flow
14
Q
Cardiac hypertrophy is …
A
- the enlargement of your heart over a long period of time (myocardium)
- training leads to increased muscle mass of the cardiac muscles, specifically walls of the left ventricle (increases ‘strength potential’)
15
Q
Increasing in resting and exercising stroke volume is …
A
- the amount of blood ejected (pumped) out of the heart in one beat (one stroke)
- more oxygen can be transported around the body is one beat
- performers resting stroke volume is significantly higher after prolonged endurance training programmes (training for years)
- heart can pump more blood per beat, increases cardiac output
- blood flow largely increased for delivery of more nutrients and oxygen to working muscles
- lower venous return = lower stroke volume
