D4 - Effects on the cardiovascular system Flashcards
1
Q
What does the body require to create energy?
A
- heightened levels of oxygen and nutrients
2
Q
What does anticipatory rise do?
A
- when the heart starts to beat faster before any physical activity has occurred
3
Q
Anticipatory rise …
A
- to prepare the body for the demands it will face
- sympathetic nervous system will initiate increased heart rate based on chemo receptors in the blood
- send signals to SA node to increase the ‘rhythm’ of the heart ready for exercise (release of adrenaline)
- largest anticipatory rise effect can be seen in short sprints
4
Q
Increased heart rate …
A
- medulla receives signals from chemo receptors and sympathetic nervous system identifying the need for more oxygen
- increase rate at which the heart beats
- pumping strength increases due to messages from the medulla
- distribution of blood flow is altered in proportion with the amount/ intensity of exercise undertaken
5
Q
Increased cardiac output …
A
- the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle to the body in one minute
- during activity in sport/exercise the amount of oxygenated blood required increases, therefore more blood is pumped at a faster rate
- stroke volume does not increase unless taking part in high intensity exercise, there is only a slight increase then
- major change in cardiac output come from a significant increase in heart rate
- maximum possible cardiac output is affected by age (due to having lower maximum heart rate)
- reliant on ‘venous return’
6
Q
What is the equation to calculate cardiac output?
A
cardiac output = heart beat x stroke volume
- heart beat = amount of times the heart beats per minute
- stroke volume = amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat
7
Q
What is Starling’s law?
A
- stroke volume is dependent on the amount of blood sent back to the heart (venous return)
- the lower the venous return, the lower potential stroke volume
8
Q
Increased blood pressure …
A
- during exercise systolic pressure increases but diastolic pressure either stays the same or decreases
- increased demands of muscles for oxygen
- heart is working harder (pumping blood faster)
- diastolic drops/ stays the same, as the vessels vasodilate to allow more blood to pass through them
- readings will show systolic pressure over diastolic recording mm-Hg (millimeters of mercury)
9
Q
What is blood pressure?
A
- the pressure of the blood against the walls of the arteries
- resulting in two forces; systolic and diastolic
10
Q
What is systolic blood pressure?
A
- the pressure exerted on your artery walls when your heart contracts and forced blood out of the heart and into your body
11
Q
What is diastolic blood pressure?
A
- the pressure on the blood vessel walls when the heart is relaxed between beats and is filling with blood
12
Q
Redirection/ redistribution is …
A
- muscles require more oxygen when exercising
- body redirects blood flow to these areas
- blood is channeled to certain areas of the body using vasodilation and vasoconstriction of blood vessels
- certain areas of the body will see a reduction in blood flow
13
Q
Short term effects of the cardiovascular system are …
A
- anticipatory rise
- increased heart rate
- increased cardiac output
- increased blood pressure
- redistribution of blood flow
14
Q
Cardiac hypertrophy is …
A
- the enlargement of your heart over a long period of time (myocardium)
- training leads to increased muscle mass of the cardiac muscles, specifically walls of the left ventricle (increases ‘strength potential’)
15
Q
Increasing in resting and exercising stroke volume is …
A
- the amount of blood ejected (pumped) out of the heart in one beat (one stroke)
- more oxygen can be transported around the body is one beat
- performers resting stroke volume is significantly higher after prolonged endurance training programmes (training for years)
- heart can pump more blood per beat, increases cardiac output
- blood flow largely increased for delivery of more nutrients and oxygen to working muscles
- lower venous return = lower stroke volume
16
Q
Decrease in resting heart rate is …
A
- due to cardiac hypertrophy & increasing in resting/ exercising stoke volumes the heart does not need to beat as many times to get the same level of blood/oxygen to working muscles
- heart rate decreases due to high efficiency
17
Q
Reduction in resting blood pressure is …
A
- exercise causes blood pressure to increase for a short time
- after exercise, blood pressure will gradually return back to normal
- quicker the body is able to return back to it’s original state the fitter the person
- regular exercise can contribute to lowering resting blood pressure
18
Q
What is high blood pressure?
A
- hypertension
- prescribed exercise to these people to reduce blood pressure
- values for these people are 140/90 - 190/100 mm-Hg
19
Q
Decreased heart rate is …
A
- measured of how much your heart rate falls the first minute after exercise
- fitter= quicker reduction in heart rate in recovery time
- due to cardio-respiratory system being able to respond to increasing demands on the body
20
Q
Capillarisation of skeletal muscles and alveoli is …
A
- increase in density of capillaries (more of them)
- increase in number and size in muscles & alveoli
- leads to increased blood flow, allowing for more efficient transport of blood (oxygen and nutrients)
21
Q
Increase in blood volume is …
A
- represents the amount of blood circulating in your body
- increases as a result of training = everyone’s different
- increases as a result of capillarisation
- means you body can deliver more oxygen to your working muscles
- body will be able to regulate temperature more efficiently during exercise
22
Q
Long term effects of the cardiovascular system are …
A
- cardiac hypertrophy
- increasing in resting and exercising stroke volume
- decreasing in resting heart rate
- reduction in resting blood pressure
- decreased heart rate recovery time
- capillarisation of skeletal muscle and alveoli
- increase in blood volume
23
Q
Additional factors effecting the cardiovascular system are …
A
- sudden arrhythmic death syndrome (SADS)
- high and low blood pressure
- hyperthermia/ hypothermia
24
Q
Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome (SADS) is …
A
- a genetic heart condition that can cause sudden death in young, healthy people
- person may have no disease affecting the structure of the heart
- hearts normal rhythm is disrupted and the heart can stop beating and not adapt to this change
25
High and low blood pressure is ...
- exercise impact blood pressure
- hypertension means that a sudden increased demand on the heart can be dangerous as too much force can be exerted on the heart and arteries (should seek medical advice before taking part in physical activity)
- hypotension = too low, the blood is moving too slowly around the body (restricting the amount of blood reaching vital organs and muscles)
- symptoms = dizziness, fainting and tiredness
- CS is slow to respond to changing demands (exercise) meaning not enough blood is sent to working muscles = poor performance
- fainting occurs if not enough blood is sent to the brain
26
Hyperthermia is ...
- increased body temperature
- the prolonged increase in body temperature when the body produces and absorbs too much heat
- heat is made as a by-product of exercise (chemical reactions creating energy cause heat)
- CV system uses thermoregulation to regulate body temperature
- training in hot climates or wearing too many layers that trap heat will lead to hyperthermia
27
Hypothermia is ...
- where your body becomes too cold, with your core temperature dropping below 37 degrees
- symptoms = shivering, confusion and in severe cases the heart stops beating
- may occur from training in a cold environment without adequate clothing
