A1 - skeletal system Flashcards
1
Q
Cranium
A
- box like cavity (space)
- interlinking bones (these are not fused when born)
- contains and protects the brain
2
Q
Ribs
A
- 12 pairs of ribs (forming the ‘thoracic cage’)
- first 7 are attached to the sternum
- bottom 5 are not attached to the sternum
3
Q
Carpals
A
- 8 small bones that make up the wrist
- arranged in 2 rows of 4
- held in place by ligaments
4
Q
Metacarpals
A
- 5 long bones in the palm of the hand (one corresponding to each finger)
5
Q
Pelvis
A
- made up of 2 hip bones
- each hip bones has 3 sections (illium, ischium and pubis)
- these fuse together during puberty
6
Q
Femur
A
- longest and strongest bone in the body
7
Q
Vertebral column
A
- made up of 5 different sections
- cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal
8
Q
What are the 5 classifications?
A
- short bones
- irregular bones
- long bones
- flat bones
- seasamoid bones
9
Q
Long bones
A
- bones found in the limbs
- used in movement
- they have two distinct parts ( diaphysis and epiphysis )
- femur, clavical, carpals, metatarsals
10
Q
Short bones
A
- small, light, strong and cube shaped
- they are a ‘cancellous bone’ = light and porous bone material that has a honeycomb or spongy appearance
- used for weight bearing
- tarsals and carpals
11
Q
Flat bones
A
- used for protection
- thin, flattened and slightly curved bones
- large surface area
- sternum, scapulae and cranium
12
Q
Irregular bones
A
- complex shapes (that fit into no other bone categories)
- vertebrae
- used for protection and movement
13
Q
Sesamoid bones
A
- these have a specialised function (usually found within a tendon)
- these provide a ‘smooth’ surface for the tendon to slide over
- used to reduce friction and protect inner parts of a joint
- patella
14
Q
Appendicular skeleton
A
- consists of the bones attached to the axial skeleton
- there are 4 main sections of the appendicular skeleton (upper limbs, lower limbs, shoulder girdle and pelvis girdle)
14
Q
What are the two parts of the skeleton?
A
Axial skeleton - 80 bones forming the ‘long’ axis of the body (middle-midriff-spine-main bit)
Appendicular skeleton - 126 bones forming the bones attached to the axial skeleton (extremities/appendages-arms-legs)
15
Q
Upper limbs (appendicular skeleton)
A
- consists of 60 bones (30 in each arm)
- humerus-radius-ulna-carpels-metacarpals-phalanges
16
Q
Lower limbs (appendicular skeleton)
A
- consists of 60 bones (30 in each leg)
- femur-patella-tibia-fibula-tarsals-metatarsals-phalanges
17
Q
Shoulder girdle (appendicular skeleton)
A
- consists of 4 bones
- clavical-scapula-ribs-humerus
18
Q
Pelvic girdle (appendicular skeleton)
A
- consists of 3 bones
- illium, ischium and pubis
- vertebrae-femur-coccyx
19
Q
Axial skeleton
A
The axial skeleton (main core) of the body consists of …
- the skull (including cranium and facial bones)
- the thoracic cage (sternum and facial bones)
- the vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx)
20
Q
vertebral column/ spine (axial skeleton)
A
- between each vertebrae is an ‘inter vertebral disc’ and they act as shock absorbers, spongy tissue material
- main roles are to protect the spinal cord and support the rib-cage
- made of 33 irregular bones called vertebrae
- the vertebral column accounts for around 40% of a persons height
- the vertebrae held together by powerful ligaments, theses allow a little movement between the vertebrae, but a considerable amount of flexibility along the spine
21
Q
What the 5 classified sections of the vertebral column and how many vertebrae do they have?
A
- cervical vertebrae (7)
- thoracic vertebrae (12)
- lumbar vertebrae (5)
- sacral vertebrae (fused 5)
- coccygeal vertebrae (fused 4)
22
Q
Cervical vertebrae
A
- 7 vertebrae of the neck (C1 known as the ‘atlas’ and C2 known as the ‘axis’
- theses form a pivot joint that allows the head and neck to move freely
- these are the most vulnerable vertebrae of the column
23
Q
Thoracic vertebrae
A
- the ‘mid spine’ made of 12 vertebrae
- these articulate (connect) with the ribs
- they lie in the ‘thorax’ a dome shaped structure that protects the heart and lungs
24
Q
Lumbar vertebrae
A
- the 5 largest (and most vulnerable) vertebrae
- situated into the lower back
- they support more weight than any other vertebrae, and provide a base for muscle attachment
- these create a ‘concave’ curve in the back
25
Q
Sacral vertebrae
A
- made of 5 vertebrae fused together to form the ‘sacrum’
- this forms the back wall of the pelvic girdle, sitting between two hip bones
- the upper of the 5 bones connects to the bottom lumbar vertebrae, and the bottom of the 5 connects to the coccyx
- needed for protection
26
Q
Coccygeal vertebrae
A
- found at the very bottom of the vertebral column
- made of 4 coccygeal vertebrae which are fused together to form the coccyx (tail bone)
27
Q
What are the effects of a pelvic tilt and hip/knee hyper-extension on the lower posture?
A
- anterior pelvic tilt (lordotic back)
- posterior pelvic tilt (flat back)
- forward shifted pelvis (sway back)
- neutral pelvic tilt (balanced posture)
28
Q
What are postural deviations?
A
- these are disorders which can cause the natural curves of the spine to deviate
29
Q
Kyphosis
A
- excessive outward curve of the thoracic region of the spine, resulting in a ‘hunchback’ appearance
- often caused by poor posture or deformities in the vertebrae
30
Q
Scoliosis
A
- abnormal curvature to the left or right (lateral curvature)
- most likely in the thoracic region and mostly in children
- not caused by posture, actual cause unknown, but it is inherited
31
Q
What is bone?
A
- a living organism that is constantly being replaced/ strengthened/ replenished
- it is constantly being reshaped through a process called ‘remodelling’
32
Q
What is ossification?
A
- the process in which bones are formed
- throughout the process parts of the bone are reabsorbed so that unnecessary calcium is removed (via cells called osteoclasts) while new layers of bone are created
33
Q
How is calcium used in cells?
A
- osteoclasts = take away/ remove calcium
- osteoblats = bring calcium and create bone matter
- osteoblats activity increases after exercise (therefore PA makes bones denser and stronger)
- calcium stores are increased so that there is less chance of developing osteoporosis in later life (covered in depth layer)
34
Q
What happens in osteoporosis?
A
- bone mineral density and bone mass decrease
35
Q
What is bone growth and how does it work?
A
- the ends of each long bone contain ‘growth plates’ which allow the bone to grow longer
- this continues throughout childhood until they reach full maturity
- these are specifically known as ‘epiphyseal plates’
- once the bone has finished growing the plates fuse to the main shaft (diaphysis) to create the ‘epiphyseal line’
