D2: Religious changes

Question 1

What did Henry VIII do between 1533 and 1537 regarding the Pope?

Answer 1

Henry renounced the Pope’s authority and established himself as the Supreme Head of the Church in England.

Question 2

Who masterminded Henry’s break with Rome?

Answer 2

Thomas Cromwell orchestrated the break with Rome.

Question 3

How were Henry’s actions legalized?

Answer 3

A series of Acts of Parliament legalized Henry’s actions and created ways to punish those opposing the supremacy.

Question 4

What was the main result of establishing royal supremacy?

Answer 4

It changed the relationship between the monarchy and the people, with Henry at the church’s head.

Question 5

What motivated Henry’s break with Rome?

Answer 5

He wanted an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Cromwell saw this the best way

Question 6

Was Henry VIII a religious reformer?

Answer 6

No, but some of his advisers, like Cromwell and Archbishop Cranmer, had more radical religious views.

Question 7

How was the break with Rome implemented in England?

Answer 7

It was imposed from the top down by Henry and his advisors.

Question 8

Where were traditional Catholic practices still predominant?

Answer 8

In more remote regions, especially the South West and the North.

Question 9

Who was one of the new bishops Cromwell appointed?

Answer 9

Hugh Latimer, who shared Cromwell’s religious beliefs.

Question 10

What was Cromwell’s goal for the English Church after the break with Rome?

Answer 10

Cromwell aimed to introduce doctrinal changes that reflected his evangelical beliefs, not just structural adjustments.

Question 11

What position did Cromwell hold that gave him authority over the Church?

Answer 11

In 1535, Henry appointed Cromwell as Vicegerent in Spirituals, granting him significant power over Church matters.

Question 12

How did Cromwell influence the English clergy?

Answer 12

He appointed bishops aligned with his views, like Hugh Latimer.

Question 13

How did Cromwell respond to clergy who supported the pope?

Answer 13

In April 1535, royal letters instructed bishops, nobility, and JPs to imprison clergymen who preached in favor of papal authority.

Question 14

What was the significance of the Act of Ten Articles (1536)?

Answer 14

This act was the first to define English Church doctrine, reducing the sacraments from seven to three and making Eucharist language ambiguous.

Question 15

How did Cromwell challenge traditional Catholic practices?

Answer 15

His 1536 Injunctions to the clergy discouraged pilgrimages, relics, images, and worship of saints, while banning Holy Days.

Question 16

Why did Henry VIII support Cromwell’s reforms despite not being a reformer?

Answer 16

Henry supported these changes because they weakened papal authority, diminishing an alternative source of loyalty that could challenge his supremacy.

Question 17

How did different regions respond to Cromwell’s reforms?

Answer 17

The result of these changes at the centre was that
there was increasing pressure on the localities to obey Cromwell’s
orders. While the South, including some Catholic areas like SW, complied with Cromwell’s orders, the more traditional Catholic North reacted with alarm and resistance.

Question 18

What role did Cromwell play in the grievances of the 1536 rebels?

Answer 18

Many rebels demanded (focused on their desire to see) a reversal of Cromwell’s changes and blamed him, along with Sir Richard Rich, for the unpopular reforms.