Cytopathology of Inflammation & Neoplasia Flashcards
Dr. Short
When are inflammatory cells seen?
in both infectious and non-infectious diseases
What are the characteristics of neutrophils?
dark purple nuclei, with 1 or more distinct segments
the first responders in inflammation and tissue injury
cytoplasm is clearer hence “neutro”
What is this?
heterophils
Who has heterophils?
rabbits, birds, reptiles
What are the properties of heterophils?
same function and purpose but stain differently on cytology
granules are large, orange-red
Animals with heterophils are more likely to form ______
caseous abscesses
What are the properties of neutrophilic inflammation?
suppurative, purulent
> 85% neutrophils in lesion
What are the types of neutrophilic inflammation?
non-degenerative
degenerative
Where do you see non-degenerative neutrophilic inflammation?
non-toxic environments - immune-mediated, neoplasia
normal appearing neutrophils
Where do you see degenerative neutrophilic inflammation?
oncotic necrosis
karyolysis, pyknosis, karyorrhexis
What kinds of neutrophilic inflammation?
degenerative - left: karyolysis (nuclear swelling with decreased staining), right: pyknosis (segments begin to coalesce into 1-2 dark segments)
What kind of inflammation?
neutrophilic
What are the properties of macrophages?
associated with chronic inflammation
appearance varies
What does epithelioid macrophages look like?
large amounts of basophilic cytoplasm, overall large polygonal shape
less vacuoles than peripheral monocytes
can be confused for epithelial neoplasia
What are the types of macrophage inflammation?
- macrophagic/histiocytic
- granulomatous
- pyogranulomatous
What cell types are in macrophagic/histiocytic inflammation?
mostly macrophages, foamy/vacuolated/phagocytic type
What cell types are in granulomatous inflammation?
predominately macrophages (epithelioid) and multi-nucleated giant cells
things that lead to granulomas
What cell types are in pyogranulomatous inflammation?
mixture of predominately neutrophils and epithelioid macrophages
+/- MNGC
Inflammation type?
pyogranulomatous inflammation
Inflammation type?
pyogranulomatous
Inflammation type?
pyogranulomatous
What are the characteristics of eosinophils?
slightly larger than neutrophils
“worms, wheezes, weird diseases”
When do you say it’s eosinophilic inflammation?
> 10% eosinophils in addition to other inflammatory cells
typically occurs secondary to acute or chronic inflammation
What are examples of eosinophilic inflammation?
- hypersensitivity/allergy
- parasitic migrations
- fungal infections
- mast cell tumor
Type of inflammation?
eosinophilic
Type of inflammation?
eosinophilic - mixed with neutrophils
What are the types of lymphocytes?
small
medium
large
What are the characteristics of small lymphocytes?
round, dark nuclei, scant cytoplasm
What are the characteristics of medium lymphocytes?
slightly larger, pink-purple nuclei, pinkish nuclei, seen around half of nucleus
What are the characteristics of large lymphocytes?
usually larger than neutrophils, pinkish nuclei, abundant cytoplasm
How do you classify lymphocytic inflammation?
majority of cells are lymphocytes
usually a mixed population (with neoplasia, you would see clones)
T/F: With lymphocytic inflammation, you could also see plasma cell present with small lymphocytes
TRUE
Inflammation? What does it indicate?
lymphocytes - chronic inflammation or immune reactivity
Lymphocytic inflammation is unusual to see this pattern alone. What is it typically associated with?
granulomatous or pyogranulomatous inflammation
Inflammation?
pyogranulomatous with lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate
What is mixed inflammation?
“catch-all” term when inflammation doesn’t fit into a specific category
Inflammation?
mixed - pyogranulomatous and eosinophilic
When is neoplasia suspected?
- too many cells than expected for a specific site
- presence of unexpected cells
- cells showing criteria of malignancy
Look at some of the criteria for neoplasia
What is the arrow pointing to?
a normal mitotic figue
What are the arrows pointing to?
atypical mitotic figures - completely separated
What is hyperplasia?
excessive amount of cell growth but not necessarily neoplastic
enlargement of tissue
What is hyperplasia due to?
- response to hormonal disturbances
- tissue injury
- antigenic stimulation
What is dysplasia?
disordered growth secondary to inflammation
can be difficult to distinguish from neoplasia
