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Histology > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

Membranes

A

_Made of lipids, proteins, and carbs _Seals spontaneously _has Differential permeability

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2
Q

Lipids

A

_Make up the majority of the membrane _Amphipathic

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3
Q

Amphipathic

A

_Hydrophilic heads _Hydrophobic tails _Naturally forms a barrier in water

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4
Q

Integral proteins

A

_Anchored to the membrane of the cell _Transmembrane: passes through both sides of the membrane

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5
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Proteins that are attached to integrals

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6
Q

Channel proteins

A

Pores in the membrane the are passive

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7
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Actively move target across the membrane

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8
Q

Pumps

A

Use ATP to move things against the gradient

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9
Q

Protein receptors

A

_Transmembrane proteins that bind to specific molecules _Located on the exterior of the cell _Used for interactions between cells

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10
Q

Linker proteins

A

_Links cell to extracellular matrix _Allows for cell attachment _Links cytoskeleton to membrane

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11
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Fuzzy exterior coating on the membrane made up of oligosaccharides

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12
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

_Form of carbohydrate found on the cell membrane _ Attach to proteins/lipids to form glycoproteins and glycolipids

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13
Q

Ribosomes

A

_RNA/protein particles that catalyze protein synthesis _Bring together mRNA and tRNA _ Consist of a small and large subunit

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14
Q

Free ribosomes

A

_Located throughout the cell _where the majority of proteins are synthesized

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15
Q

RER Ribosomes

A

_Ribosomes bound to the RER _Synthesize the proteins found in the Gogli, lysosomes, secretory granules, and plasma membrane

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16
Q

Mitochondrial ribosomes

A

20% of mitochondria proteins synthesized by these

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17
Q

Polysomes

A

Ribosomes attaching a single mRNA molecules to make a string of ribosomes

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18
Q

Glycogen Particles

A

Storage forms of polysaccharides

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19
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

_No ribosomes bound to the surface _Lipid, glycogen, and steroid metabolism _Phospholipids for membrane produced here _Prominent steroid secreting cells _ Important for detoxification

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20
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

_Specialized SER found in muscle tissue _Storage and transport of Ca__

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21
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

_Ribosomes bound to surface _mostly cisternae _Prominent in protein secretion cells _Proteins to be exported secreted here

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22
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

_Stacked/flattened/ membrane-limited cisternae _Receives and repackages RER proteins

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23
Q

Cis Golgi

A

Receives the proteins

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24
Q

Medial Golgi

A

Middle of the Golgi

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25
Trans Golgi
Mature proteins leave from here
26
Secretory Vesicles
Takes the proteins from the Golgi and fused with the membrane to await a signal to release contents
27
Lysosome
_Spherical organelle that digests and degrades _low pH and hydrolytic enzymes
28
Primary Lysosome
Has not received substrates for digestion
29
Secondary Lysosomes
Primary fused with a target
30
Lipofuscin Granules
_Aka residual bodies _senescent lysosomes with undigestible materials
31
Peroxisomes
_Small organelles with oxidative enzymes _Hydrogen peroxide is a product
32
Adrenoleukodytrophy
Peroxisomes cannot oxidize long fatty acids, so accumulates in brain and adrenals, eventually causing death
33
Zellweger Syndrome
_Mutation of proteins that transport peroxisomal enzymes from the cytoplasm _Peroxisomes lack necessary enzymes_improper formation of myelin sheaths
34
Mitochondria
_Produce ATP via oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids _present in all cells except RBC and terminal keratinocytes _Can change shape and location in cell _Contains own genome
35
Outer Mitochondria membrane
Numerous pores that allow small molecules, ions and metabolites
36
Inner Mitochondria membrane
_Thinner/highly folded cristae _Contains many energy production enzymes _Steroid-producing cells IMM is more tubular
37
Intermembrane Space
Cytochrome C located here (for Apoptosis)
38
Mitochondrial Matrix
_Soluble enzymes, mitochondria DNA/ribosomes, r/m/tRNA, electron dense granules ( helps SER to regulate ion concentration of cytoplasm)
39
Mitochondria myopathies
_Caused by both nuclear and mito gene mutations _if mito gene_maternal inheritance
40
Nucleus
_Large organelle with genome in eukaryotic cells _Contains machinery for DNA replication, RNA transcription/processing, and one or more nucleoli
41
Nuclear envelope
_2 membranes (perinuclear space in-between), nuclear lamina, nuclear pores
42
Outer nuclear membrane
Continuous with RER and has some ribosomes attached to it
43
Perinuclear space
Continuous with the lumen of the RER
44
Inner nuclear membrane
Distinct from the ER because it can bind to chromatins/lamins and is supported by intermediate filaments
45
Nuclear lamina
Thin/protein-dense layer formed by lamins
46
Lamins
_Intermediate filaments that can be disassembled and reassembled _Meshwork on inner side of nucleus
47
Nuclear Pores
Opening that allow communication between cytoplasm and nucleus
48
Chromatin
DNA associated with roughly equal mass of various nuclear proteins
49
Heterochromatin
_Densely packed chromatin _Typically in metabolically inactive cells
50
Euchromatin
_Transcriptionally active DNA, so is more closely packed _Typically metabolically active cells
51
Nucleolus
Small area of the nucleus where rRNA is processed and assembled into ribosomal subunits
52
Fibrillar Center
Part of nucleolus where DNA loops with rRNA genes and transcription factors
53
Dense Fibrillar Components
_Aka pars fibrosa _Ribosomal genes that are being translated and large amounts of RNA
54
Granular Components
_aka pars granulosa _Site for ribosomal assembly, made of densely packed clusters of pre-ribosomal particles
55
Cytoskeleton
_Cell shape/structural support for organelles _Major role in cell mobility
56
Types of filaments
_Actin _Microtubules _Intermediate
57
Action filaments
_Cell movement/shape and organelle transport _Interacts with myosin to generate force and movement
58
G-actin
Soluble monomeric globular protein
59
F-actin
_Polymerized double-helical filament of g-actin_very thin filaments _Polymerizes head to tail _forms the cortex of the cytoplasm _counteracts outside forces/restricts organelle movement _Restricts lateral motion of some integral proteins
60
Cytoplasm Cortex
Thin sheath beneath the cytoplasm
61
Microtubules
_Present in all cells except erythrocytes _Used for organelle/vesicle movement _Formation of mitotic spindle/Chromosomal movement _assists with beating of cilia and flagella
62
Structure of microtubules
_Stiff, non-branching, cylindrical polymers __-tubulin and _-tubulin polymerized together _"plus" and "minus" side due to tubulin _Plus grows faster than minus
63
Dynes
_Motor proteins that move towards the minus end of microtubules _Involved with beating of the cilia and flagella
64
Kinesins
Motor proteins that move towards the plus end of microtubules
65
Axoneme
_Classified as a microtubule _9 doublets and 1 central pair of microtubules _Forms core of cilia and flagella
66
Centriole
_Aka basal body _9 triplets of MT with NO central pair _found at base of cilia and flagella
67
Microtubule Organizing Center
_Found in almost every cell, except neurons and RBCs _where cellular MTs arise from
68
Intermediate Filaments
_Intermediate thickness b/t actin and MT _Strong, but flexible polymers _Mech support for the cell, anchor ion channel proteins, cocoon when cell is damaged
69
Keratins
Found mainly in epithelial cells
70
Vimentin
Found mainly in fibroblasts of connective tissue
71
Desmin
Found in muscle cells
72
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Proteins
Found in support cells of nervous system (glial cells)
73
Neurofilaments
Found in neurons

Histology (8 decks)

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