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Histology > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

Membranes

A

_Made of lipids, proteins, and carbs _Seals spontaneously _has Differential permeability

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2
Q

Lipids

A

_Make up the majority of the membrane _Amphipathic

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3
Q

Amphipathic

A

_Hydrophilic heads _Hydrophobic tails _Naturally forms a barrier in water

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4
Q

Integral proteins

A

_Anchored to the membrane of the cell _Transmembrane: passes through both sides of the membrane

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5
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Proteins that are attached to integrals

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6
Q

Channel proteins

A

Pores in the membrane the are passive

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7
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Actively move target across the membrane

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8
Q

Pumps

A

Use ATP to move things against the gradient

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9
Q

Protein receptors

A

_Transmembrane proteins that bind to specific molecules _Located on the exterior of the cell _Used for interactions between cells

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10
Q

Linker proteins

A

_Links cell to extracellular matrix _Allows for cell attachment _Links cytoskeleton to membrane

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11
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Fuzzy exterior coating on the membrane made up of oligosaccharides

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12
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

_Form of carbohydrate found on the cell membrane _ Attach to proteins/lipids to form glycoproteins and glycolipids

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13
Q

Ribosomes

A

_RNA/protein particles that catalyze protein synthesis _Bring together mRNA and tRNA _ Consist of a small and large subunit

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14
Q

Free ribosomes

A

_Located throughout the cell _where the majority of proteins are synthesized

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15
Q

RER Ribosomes

A

_Ribosomes bound to the RER _Synthesize the proteins found in the Gogli, lysosomes, secretory granules, and plasma membrane

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16
Q

Mitochondrial ribosomes

A

20% of mitochondria proteins synthesized by these

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17
Q

Polysomes

A

Ribosomes attaching a single mRNA molecules to make a string of ribosomes

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18
Q

Glycogen Particles

A

Storage forms of polysaccharides

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19
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

_No ribosomes bound to the surface _Lipid, glycogen, and steroid metabolism _Phospholipids for membrane produced here _Prominent steroid secreting cells _ Important for detoxification

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20
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

_Specialized SER found in muscle tissue _Storage and transport of Ca__

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21
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

_Ribosomes bound to surface _mostly cisternae _Prominent in protein secretion cells _Proteins to be exported secreted here

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22
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

_Stacked/flattened/ membrane-limited cisternae _Receives and repackages RER proteins

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23
Q

Cis Golgi

A

Receives the proteins

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24
Q

Medial Golgi

A

Middle of the Golgi

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25
Q

Trans Golgi

A

Mature proteins leave from here

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26
Q

Secretory Vesicles

A

Takes the proteins from the Golgi and fused with the membrane to await a signal to release contents

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27
Q

Lysosome

A

_Spherical organelle that digests and degrades _low pH and hydrolytic enzymes

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28
Q

Primary Lysosome

A

Has not received substrates for digestion

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29
Q

Secondary Lysosomes

A

Primary fused with a target

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30
Q

Lipofuscin Granules

A

_Aka residual bodies _senescent lysosomes with undigestible materials

31
Q

Peroxisomes

A

_Small organelles with oxidative enzymes _Hydrogen peroxide is a product

32
Q

Adrenoleukodytrophy

A

Peroxisomes cannot oxidize long fatty acids, so accumulates in brain and adrenals, eventually causing death

33
Q

Zellweger Syndrome

A

_Mutation of proteins that transport peroxisomal enzymes from the cytoplasm _Peroxisomes lack necessary enzymes_improper formation of myelin sheaths

34
Q

Mitochondria

A

_Produce ATP via oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids _present in all cells except RBC and terminal keratinocytes _Can change shape and location in cell _Contains own genome

35
Q

Outer Mitochondria membrane

A

Numerous pores that allow small molecules, ions and metabolites

36
Q

Inner Mitochondria membrane

A

_Thinner/highly folded cristae _Contains many energy production enzymes _Steroid-producing cells IMM is more tubular

37
Q

Intermembrane Space

A

Cytochrome C located here (for Apoptosis)

38
Q

Mitochondrial Matrix

A

_Soluble enzymes, mitochondria DNA/ribosomes, r/m/tRNA, electron dense granules ( helps SER to regulate ion concentration of cytoplasm)

39
Q

Mitochondria myopathies

A

_Caused by both nuclear and mito gene mutations _if mito gene_maternal inheritance

40
Q

Nucleus

A

_Large organelle with genome in eukaryotic cells _Contains machinery for DNA replication, RNA transcription/processing, and one or more nucleoli

41
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

_2 membranes (perinuclear space in-between), nuclear lamina, nuclear pores

42
Q

Outer nuclear membrane

A

Continuous with RER and has some ribosomes attached to it

43
Q

Perinuclear space

A

Continuous with the lumen of the RER

44
Q

Inner nuclear membrane

A

Distinct from the ER because it can bind to chromatins/lamins and is supported by intermediate filaments

45
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

Thin/protein-dense layer formed by lamins

46
Q

Lamins

A

_Intermediate filaments that can be disassembled and reassembled _Meshwork on inner side of nucleus

47
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Opening that allow communication between cytoplasm and nucleus

48
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA associated with roughly equal mass of various nuclear proteins

49
Q

Heterochromatin

A

_Densely packed chromatin _Typically in metabolically inactive cells

50
Q

Euchromatin

A

_Transcriptionally active DNA, so is more closely packed _Typically metabolically active cells

51
Q

Nucleolus

A

Small area of the nucleus where rRNA is processed and assembled into ribosomal subunits

52
Q

Fibrillar Center

A

Part of nucleolus where DNA loops with rRNA genes and transcription factors

53
Q

Dense Fibrillar Components

A

_Aka pars fibrosa _Ribosomal genes that are being translated and large amounts of RNA

54
Q

Granular Components

A

_aka pars granulosa _Site for ribosomal assembly, made of densely packed clusters of pre-ribosomal particles

55
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

_Cell shape/structural support for organelles _Major role in cell mobility

56
Q

Types of filaments

A

_Actin _Microtubules _Intermediate

57
Q

Action filaments

A

_Cell movement/shape and organelle transport _Interacts with myosin to generate force and movement

58
Q

G-actin

A

Soluble monomeric globular protein

59
Q

F-actin

A

_Polymerized double-helical filament of g-actin_very thin filaments _Polymerizes head to tail _forms the cortex of the cytoplasm _counteracts outside forces/restricts organelle movement _Restricts lateral motion of some integral proteins

60
Q

Cytoplasm Cortex

A

Thin sheath beneath the cytoplasm

61
Q

Microtubules

A

_Present in all cells except erythrocytes _Used for organelle/vesicle movement _Formation of mitotic spindle/Chromosomal movement _assists with beating of cilia and flagella

62
Q

Structure of microtubules

A

_Stiff, non-branching, cylindrical polymers __-tubulin and _-tubulin polymerized together _“plus” and “minus” side due to tubulin _Plus grows faster than minus

63
Q

Dynes

A

_Motor proteins that move towards the minus end of microtubules _Involved with beating of the cilia and flagella

64
Q

Kinesins

A

Motor proteins that move towards the plus end of microtubules

65
Q

Axoneme

A

_Classified as a microtubule _9 doublets and 1 central pair of microtubules _Forms core of cilia and flagella

66
Q

Centriole

A

_Aka basal body _9 triplets of MT with NO central pair _found at base of cilia and flagella

67
Q

Microtubule Organizing Center

A

_Found in almost every cell, except neurons and RBCs _where cellular MTs arise from

68
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

_Intermediate thickness b/t actin and MT _Strong, but flexible polymers _Mech support for the cell, anchor ion channel proteins, cocoon when cell is damaged

69
Q

Keratins

A

Found mainly in epithelial cells

70
Q

Vimentin

A

Found mainly in fibroblasts of connective tissue

71
Q

Desmin

A

Found in muscle cells

72
Q

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Proteins

A

Found in support cells of nervous system (glial cells)

73
Q

Neurofilaments

A

Found in neurons

Histology (8 decks)

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