Cytology Flashcards
the smallest unit of life itself
cell
the study of cells
cell biology or cytology
the first person to see a cell using a homemade microscope
Robert Hooke
he was known as a contemporary of Isaac Newton
A German botanist who learned all plants are composed of cells
Matthias Schleiden
a scientist who determined all animals are composed of cells
Theodor Schwann
in 1855 proposed that all cells come from preexisting cells
Rudolf Virchow
- all living things are composed of one or more cell
- a cell is the basic unit of organization in all animals
- all cells come from existing cells
cell theory
- cells use and transfer energy
- hereditary information is passed from cell to cell
- all cells have the same basic chemical composition
modern cell theory
a group of cells connected together to carry out a specific function
tissue
several types of tissues that work together to perform a function
organ
a group of organs cooperating to perform a function
organ system
the type of cells in multicellular organism and have a cellular membrane around the cell but no membrane bound organelles
prokaryotic cell
ex. plants and animals
The type of cells in single celled organisms
Eukaryotic cells
the cell membrane that separates the cell from its environment
plasma membrane
fluid inside the cells and contains molecules and organelles
cytoplasm
little organs inside the cell
organelles
the control center of the cell containing all of the DNA and the genetic material of the cell
nucleus
three main parts of a eukaryotic cell
- plasma membrane
- cytoplasm with organelles
- nucleus
what is the main job of the plasma membrane
maintain homeostasis
how does a cell maintain homeostasis?
through selective permeability
only lets certain things in and out
has a hydrolic, water loving, head and two hydrophobic, water avoiding, tails
phospholipids
forms a fluid mosaic model
phospholipid bilayer
stabilizes the membrane and helps prevent phospholipids from sticking together
cholesterol
form channels for specific molecules to enter and leave
transport proteins
identify the type of cell to other cells
proteins and carbohydrates
no energy needed for transportation
passive transport
molecules move from high concentration to lower concentration
diffusion
the random movement of microscopic particles in a fluid
the result of brownian motion
The result of Brownian motion is affected by what?
temperature, concentration, and the size of molecules
The solvent diluting the solution
osmosis
using energy to move molecules from a lower to high concentration
active transportation
What do transport proteins form for specific molecules to enter and leave
channels
movement into the cell
endocytosis
a cell taking in a solid material
phagocytosis
a cell taking in a liquid material
pinocytosis
movement out of the cell
exocytosis
the fluid that fill the space of the cell called cytosol and contains the cytoskeleton
cytolpasm
a network of fibers that give the cell its shape
cytoskeleton
little organs inside the cell which interact with each other and function to keep the cell running smoothly
organelles
the smallest and most numerous organelles inside the cell
ribosomes
Where are the ribosomes made and what are they made of?
in the nucleus and are made of proteins and strand of DNA
What is the ribosomes purpose?
line up amino acids in order to create different proteins
Where are the ribosomes in a cell?
floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum
does not have ribosomes attached and appears to have a smooth surface
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
produces lipids
has ribosomes attached to make it look bumpy
rough endoplasmic reticulum
produces proteins
sorts protein made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum into vesicles
golgi apparatus
shipping center of cell
contains enzymes that break down molecules
lysosomes
recycling center of cell
creates energy through cellular respiration
mitochondria
power plants of a cell
What is unique about the mitochondria?
- self replicate
2. have their own DNA
makes energy through photosynthesis and only found in plants
chloroplasts
store food, water, and minerals for the cell
vacuoles
storage containers of cells
the control center of a cell and tells the cell how it should be structured and what it should do
nucleus
a membrane that separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell
nuclear envelope
a watery gel-like substance inside the nucleus
nucleoplasm
found within nucleoplasm and is the master control center of the cell
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
