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Biology > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The study of matter

A

Chemistry

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2
Q

the smallest living organisms and the building blocks of life

A

Cells

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3
Q

the building blocks of elements

A

Atoms

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4
Q

What are atoms made of?

A

protons, neutrons, and electrons

Positive charge, no charge, and negative charge

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5
Q

The center of an atom compromised by protons and neutrons

A

Nucleus

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6
Q

the areas in an atom where electrons exist orbiting the nucleus

A

Electron Shells

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7
Q

the outermost electron shell in an atom

A

Valence shell

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8
Q

the electrons in the valence shell

A

Valence electrons

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9
Q

most elements are most stable with eight electrons in their valence shell

A

Octet rule

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10
Q

an atom with a positive and negative charge

A

ion

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11
Q

the force connecting a positively charged atom with a negatively charged one

A

Ionic Bond

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12
Q

the force between two or more atoms sharing electrons in their valence shell

A

Covalent Bond

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13
Q

the force between two elements in a polar molecule

A

Polar bonding

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14
Q

when the electrons are evenly distributed among the atoms in a molecule

A

non-polar bonding

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15
Q

what are the two covalent bonds?

A

polar and non-polar bonding

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16
Q

how many electrons and protons does carbon have?

A

six electrons and six protons

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17
Q

Carbon can form how many covalent bond with other atoms?

A

single, double, and triple covalent bonds

18
Q

when atoms come together to make a molecule or when a molecule breaks up into separate atoms

A

chemical reaction

19
Q

the atoms that come together to form a molecule in a chemical reaction

A

reactant

20
Q

the molecule that results from reactants coming together

A

product

21
Q

matter cannot be created or destroyed

A

first law of thermodynamics

22
Q

entropy; given enough time everything wears out and falls apart

A

Second law of thermodynamics

23
Q

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid

A

the building blocks of life

all of these contain carbon

24
Q
  1. compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
  2. give energy to living cells
  3. provide structure to things like plants, fungi, and insects
A

carbohydrates

25
Q

What do lipids include?

A

fats, waxes, and steroids

26
Q

What are lipids used for?

A

energy, insulating, and protecting cells

27
Q

a long carbon chain with hydrogen atoms connected

A

fatty acids

28
Q

fatty acids bound to a molecule of glycerol

A

Glycerides

a chain of three carbons, each connected to oxygen and hydrogen

29
Q

similar to fatty acids and used to make plants and animals water resistant

A

waxes

30
Q

made from four carbon rings with a tail

A

steroids

some steroids are chemical messengers

31
Q

what cell membranes are made of

A

cholesterol

32
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

amino acids

there are twenty different kinds

33
Q

the force linking amino acids

A

peptide bonds

34
Q

fifty or more amino acids linking together

A

protein

35
Q

each protein has a unique shape allowing it to ___________

A

have function

36
Q

what do proteins form the structure of?

A

organs and tissues

37
Q

what do proteins carry out?

A

chemical reactions to the body

proteins act as chemical messengers

38
Q

a type of protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction

A

enzyme

39
Q
  1. found in the nucleus of a cell

2. made of nucleotides which form DNA and RNA

A

Nucleic acids

40
Q

the code of a cell

A

DNA and RNA

Biology (12 decks)

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