Chemistry Flashcards
The study of matter
Chemistry
the smallest living organisms and the building blocks of life
Cells
the building blocks of elements
Atoms
What are atoms made of?
protons, neutrons, and electrons
Positive charge, no charge, and negative charge
The center of an atom compromised by protons and neutrons
Nucleus
the areas in an atom where electrons exist orbiting the nucleus
Electron Shells
the outermost electron shell in an atom
Valence shell
the electrons in the valence shell
Valence electrons
most elements are most stable with eight electrons in their valence shell
Octet rule
an atom with a positive and negative charge
ion
the force connecting a positively charged atom with a negatively charged one
Ionic Bond
the force between two or more atoms sharing electrons in their valence shell
Covalent Bond
the force between two elements in a polar molecule
Polar bonding
when the electrons are evenly distributed among the atoms in a molecule
non-polar bonding
what are the two covalent bonds?
polar and non-polar bonding
how many electrons and protons does carbon have?
six electrons and six protons
Carbon can form how many covalent bond with other atoms?
single, double, and triple covalent bonds
when atoms come together to make a molecule or when a molecule breaks up into separate atoms
chemical reaction
the atoms that come together to form a molecule in a chemical reaction
reactant
the molecule that results from reactants coming together
product
matter cannot be created or destroyed
first law of thermodynamics
entropy; given enough time everything wears out and falls apart
Second law of thermodynamics
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid
the building blocks of life
all of these contain carbon
- compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- give energy to living cells
- provide structure to things like plants, fungi, and insects
carbohydrates
What do lipids include?
fats, waxes, and steroids
What are lipids used for?
energy, insulating, and protecting cells
a long carbon chain with hydrogen atoms connected
fatty acids
fatty acids bound to a molecule of glycerol
Glycerides
a chain of three carbons, each connected to oxygen and hydrogen
similar to fatty acids and used to make plants and animals water resistant
waxes
made from four carbon rings with a tail
steroids
some steroids are chemical messengers
what cell membranes are made of
cholesterol
What are proteins made of?
amino acids
there are twenty different kinds
the force linking amino acids
peptide bonds
fifty or more amino acids linking together
protein
each protein has a unique shape allowing it to ___________
have function
what do proteins form the structure of?
organs and tissues
what do proteins carry out?
chemical reactions to the body
proteins act as chemical messengers
a type of protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction
enzyme
- found in the nucleus of a cell
2. made of nucleotides which form DNA and RNA
Nucleic acids
the code of a cell
DNA and RNA
