Cellular Metabolism Part 3 Flashcards
Chemical reactions which include breaking food down for energy and the using that energy to build up the organism
cellular metabolism
a series of pathways where molecules are broken down into smaller bits and energy is released
catabolic process
when organisms make compounds needed by the cells
anabolism
an anabolic process where cells combine amino acids in different ways to form proteins
protein synthesis
Scientists who discovered the shape of DNA in 1953
James Watson and Francis Clark
the shape of DNA
a double helix
What is DNA made of?
nucleotides
What are nucleotides made of?
- a nitrogen base
- a simple sugar
- a phosphate group
how are the bases paired up?
Adenine and thymine
guanine and cytosine
what are the legs of the DNA ladder made of
simple sugars and phosphate groups
What are the rungs of the DNA made of?
The base pairs
the complete connection of cells DNA material
genome
a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or specific strand of RNA
Gene
DNA that is wrapped around proteins called histones which package up DNA more compactly
histones
the complex of DNA and histones
chromatin
coils of DNA that are bundled up into organized structures
chromosomes
a pair of chromosomes
homologous pair
a massive collaboration of scientists to map out and identify all of the genes in human DNA
Human Genome Project (1990-2003)
the three step process of protein synthesis
the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
What are the three steps of protein synthesis
- DNA replication
- RNA transcription
- Protein translation
when cells divide so that each cell can have a copy of DNA
DNA replication
The enzyme helicase “unzips” the double helix of DNA separating each base pair
DNA replication step 1
the enzyme DNA polymerase recognizes the baes and adds the missing ones to each side of the “unzipped” DNA to create two complete strands of DNA
DNA replication step 2
a nucleic acid like DNA but has some notable differences
RNA
bases of RNA
adenine-uracil
guanine-cytosine
assists in protein translation by transferring amino acids from other places in the cell to the ribosomes
tRNA or transfer RNA
moves the mRNA along as protein translation takes place
rRNA
Write out the processes of RNA transcription and protein translation
