Cystic Fibrosis Flashcards

1
Q

How many people carry the CF gene?What type of gene condition is it?

A

1 in 25Autosomal recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator gene?

A

The CFTR gene provides instructions for making a protein called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. This protein is activated by ATP and functions as a chloride channel (pumps chloride out of the cell) across the membrane of cells that produce mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, and digestive enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens at a biological level if the CFTR gene is faulty?

A

Due to the fault with CFTR, chloride can’t be pumped out effectively and there is also a negative effect on its coupled channel, the Epithelial Na+ channel (ENAC), causing an increase in Na+ movement into the cellWater follows sodium causing secretions to be dried outit also stops sodium being pumped in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the consequences in a fault with CFTR? (8)

A

Salty sweatIntestinal blockagefibrotic pancreasfailure to thriverecurrent bacterial lung infectionscongenital bilateral absence of vas deferensfilled sinusesgallbladder anad liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does a mutation in the CFTR DNA cause cystic fibrosis?

A

CFTR DNA mutation = abnormal CFTR protein = ion transport abnormalities = abnormal secretions = blocked ducts and impaired mucosal defence = infection and inflammation = cystic fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many classes of defects in CFTR are there?

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Class I defect in CFTR?

A

No CFTR synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Class II defect in CFTR?

A

CFTR trafficking defect (most common type)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Class III defect in CFTR?

A

The CFTR protein makes it to the cell membrane but does not open properly due to binding of ATP meaning chlorine cannot be conducted through it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Class IV defect in CFTR?

A

CFTR protein reaches the membrane and does partly work but channel is narrowed and therefore does work effectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Class V defect in CFTR?

A

Reduced CFTR transcription and synthesis meaning some proteins are made and work effectively but not enough of them are made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Are all mutations equal?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the basic steps to forming a protein? (5)

A

DNA is transcribed and splicedmRNA is translated and modified before being transported

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a point mutation?

A

a mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

a missense mutation is a point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

Deletion or insertion of a number of bases that is not a multiple of 3.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What mutation do 1 in 25 people have that makes them a carrier of CF and causes 70% of CF cases (Class II)?What does this do?

A

F508DelCauses a deletion of the three nucleotides that comprise the codon for phenylalanine (F) at position 508 on chromosome 7.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the mutation that leads to 4-6% of CF cases (class III)?What does this cause?Other name for this gene

A

G551DA “missense” mutation: instead of a glycine amino acid (G), aspartate (D) is added(*for a recessive disease you can have different mutations in each copy of the gene)”Celtic gene”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When is CF usually diagnosed?

A

Usually at birth although all babies have only been screened for CF since 2003 (blood test now done) meaning some cases may not have been screened or there may have been a false test result especially in some of the rarer mutations meaning some patients are diagnosed into adulthood

20
Q

What signs in an adult should make you consider CF? (5)

A

Bronchiectasis under 40Upper lobe bronchiectasisColonisation with staphInfertilityLower weight

21
Q

What 2 bacteria can CF patients commonly become colonised with?

A

Staph aureusPseudomonas

22
Q

What treatment is given for staph aureus colonisation? (2)

A

Oral flucloxacillin orOral co-tramoxazole (septrin)

23
Q

What treatment is given for pseudomonas colonisation? (5)

A

Oral Azinthromycin1 of:Nebulised colomycinnebulised tobramycinnebulised aztreonaminhaled tobramycin

24
Q

What drug do CF patients take for exocrine failure?

A

CREON - Digestive enzymes

25
Q

Why do patients with CF get exocrine failure?

A

Due to their sludged up ducts = failure of secretion of lipase and amylase

26
Q

Why do patients with CF have endocrine failure?

A

Destruction of pancreatic islet cellsfatty replacement of pancreatic tissue

27
Q

How are patients monitored for endocrine failure?

A

Patients get annual oral glucose tolerance testingUsually patients require insulin as they have insulin production failure and they therefore continually monitor their glucose

28
Q

What is distal intestinal obstruction syndrome?

A

obstruction of the distal part of the small intestines by thickened intestinal content (symptoms similar to constipation)

29
Q

Treatment of distal intestinal obstruction syndrome? (DIOS) (3)

A

GastrograffinLaxidoFluids

30
Q

Prevention of DIOS? (3)

A

LaxidoHydrationKeep moving

31
Q

What can develop in CF patients do to sludging up of hepatic ducts?How does this present?

A

Portal hypetensionPorto-systemic anastamosesvariceal bleedinghepatic encephalopathy

32
Q

How is portal hypertension treated?Problem with this?

A

TIPSSCan increase encephalopathy risk

33
Q

What type of physiotherapy do patients with CF carry out?

A

Autogenic drainage (controlled breathing to love mucus)active cycle of breathing techniques (ACBT)(without and without a physiotherapist)

34
Q

How are exacerbations of CF managed?

A

AntibioticsPhysiotherapyAdequate hydrationIncreased dietary input (dietician and fridge in room)

35
Q

Why are patients with CF always given 2 antibiotics?

A

to reduce resistance

36
Q

What antibiotics can CF patients be given for exacerbations due to pseudomonas? (5)

A

TazocinCaftazidimeTobramicinMetropenemColistin

37
Q

What antibiotics are patients given for exacerbations due to Staph Aureus?

A

FlucloxacillinTigecyline

38
Q

What antibiotic is given for exacerbations due to cepacia?

A

Temocillin

39
Q

What oral antibiotics can be given during exacerbations? (6)

A

AugmentinFlucloxacillinMinocyclineSeprfinFusidinCiprofloxacin(antibiotics are also given IV)

40
Q

How often do patients with CF come into hospital planned for antibiotics?

A

2 weeks of the year

41
Q

What is OHPAT?

A

Outpatient and home parenteral antibiotic therapy - patients can get IV antibiotics at home

42
Q

Life expectancy for a patient with CF?

A

41

43
Q

What is the drug that is a CFTR potentiator for class III CF?

A

Ivacaftor

44
Q

How is Ivacaftor taken?

A

Tablet twice a day

45
Q

What must you not consume whilst on Ivacaftor?Why?

A

GrapefruitIt increases its concentration in the blood

46
Q

If a patient inheritance 2 different types of CF genes, do you need to treat both?

A

No - only one copy needs treatedtherefore Ivacaftor can be used if one of the mutations is G551D and the other is not

47
Q

What is a drug currently on phase II trial for the treatment of F508del CF?

A

Lumacaftor - showing promising results