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Cardiovascular System > CV Regulation > Flashcards

CV Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

_____ release is stimulated by sympathetic stimulation, decreased blood pressure in the renal artery, and decreased Na reabsorption in the kidney.

A

Renin

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2
Q

______ cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

A

Renin

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3
Q

_______ phosphorylates myosin to activate contraction in VSMCs

A

Myosin Light Chain Kinase (MLCK)

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4
Q

_______ receptors activate Gq

A

Alpha-1-adrenergic

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5
Q

________: stretch causes VSMC contraction via stretch-activated ion channels of the Trp family

A

Myogenic response

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6
Q

Adenylate cyclase produces _____.

A

cAMP

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7
Q

ADH binds to receptors in vasculature to promote vaso______.

A

constriction

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8
Q

ADH is released from the _______ and promotes __________ reabsorption, thereby _____ blood pressure

A

posterior pituitary gland; water; increasing

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9
Q

Aldosterone is released from the ______ and promotes reabsorption of ________, thereby _____ blood pressure

A

adrenal cortex; Na and water; increasing

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10
Q

Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin II by ______.

A

ACE

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11
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates release of _______.

A

Endothelin, Aldosterone, ADH

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12
Q

Angiotesnin II causes systemic vaso______ by binding to GPCRs and VSMCs

A

constriction

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13
Q

ANP acts on GPCRs that activate _____.

A

Gq/cGMP/PKG

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14
Q

ANP effect at the adrenal gland: inhibits release of ______.

A

Renin and aldosterone

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15
Q

ANP effect at the kidney: _____ glomerular filtration rate and ______ reabsorption of Na and water.

A

increase; decrease

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16
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a vaso______ stimualted by mechanical stretch of the atria.

A

dilator

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17
Q

Beta-adrenergic receptors activate ______.

A

Gs

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18
Q

cAMP activates _________.

A

PKA

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19
Q

cAMP increases inward current to speed rate of diastolic depolarization via action on ______.

A

HCN channel

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20
Q

cGMP activates _____.

A

PKG

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21
Q

Contraction in VSMCs is terminated by the action of ________.

A

Myosin Light Chain Phosphatase (MLCP)

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22
Q

DAG is involved in activation of _____.

A

PKC

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23
Q

Decreased Adenosine _____ flow to a capillary bed

A

decreases

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24
Q

Decreased blood pressure can lead to ______ firing by baroreceptors and ______ parasympathetic output.

A

decreased; decreased

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25
Q

Decreased blood pressure can lead to ______ firing by baroreceptors and ______ sympathetic output.

A

decreased; increased

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26
Q

Decreased K+ _____ flow to a capillary bed

A

decreases

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27
Q

Decreased pH _____ flow to a capillary bd

A

increases

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28
Q

Decreased pO2 _____ flow to a capillary bed

A

increases

29
Q

Endothelin binds ______ which activates ______.

A

ET receptors; Gq

30
Q

Endothelin is a potent _______.

A

vasoconstrictor

31
Q

Endothelin is synthesized by ______.

A

Endothelin Converting Enzyme (ECE)

32
Q

Excitation in VSMCs can occur via _____ mechanisms.

A

mechanical, electrical, chemical

33
Q

Gq activates ______, which produces _______.

A

Phospholipase C; DAG and IP3

34
Q

Gs activates _________.

A

Adenylate cyclase

35
Q

In VSMCs, Ca in the cytoplasm binds to ______, forming a Ca-_____ complex that activates _______.

A

Calmodulin; Calmodulin; Myosin Light Chain Kinase (MLCK)

36
Q

Increased Adenosine _____ flow to a capillary bed

A

increases

37
Q

Increased blood pressure can lead to ______ firing by baroreceptors and ______ parasympathetic output.

A

increased; increased

38
Q

Increased blood pressure can lead to ______ firing by baroreceptors and ______ sympathetic output.

A

increased; decreased

39
Q

Increased K+ _____ flow to a capillary bed

A

increases

40
Q

Increased pH _____ flow to a capillary bed

A

decreases

41
Q

Increased stretch of arterial walls _____ firing by baroreceptors and leads to ______ sympathetic stimulation

A

increases; decreased

42
Q

Ion exchange by ____ causes inward current that can contribute to diastolic depolarization.

A

NCX

43
Q

IP3 binds to _____ in the SR, which are ______.

A

IP3Rs; Ca release channels

44
Q

IP3 effect on SR is to _______ Ca release into the cytoplasm

A

increase

45
Q

Less Ca is required to stimulate Ca release from the SR due to PKA action on _____.

A

RyR

46
Q

Local tissue metabolites affecting flow to a capillary bed (4)

A

pO2, pCO2/pH, K+, Adenosine

47
Q

NO activates _______, which produces _______.

A

Guanylate Cyclase; cGMP

48
Q

NO is ____-atherosclerotic and is found to be _____ in hypertensive patients

A

anti; decreased

49
Q

NO is a potent _______.

A

vasodilator

50
Q

NO is produced in the _______ by ______

A

vascular endothelium; nitric oxide synthetase

51
Q

Phosporylation of phospholamban (PLB) _______ Ca uptake into the SR.

A

increases

52
Q

PKA decreases sensitivity to Ca by _____.

A

TnC

53
Q

PKA increases inotropy via its actions on _______.

A

PLB, L-Type Ca Channels, RyR

54
Q

PKA increases lusitropy via its actions on _______.

A

PLB, TnI

55
Q

PKA increases sensitivity to Ca in _______.

A

RyR

56
Q

PKA phosphorylates ________.

A

L-Type Ca channels, RyR, TnI, PLB

57
Q

PKA phosphorylation of ________ decreases Ca sensitivity in _______.

A

TnI, TnC

58
Q

PKA slows inactivation of _______.

A

L-type Ca channels

59
Q

PKC phosphorylates ________.

A

L-type Ca channels

60
Q

PKG reduces intracellular Ca by activation of ______ and inhibition of ______

A

SERCA; LTCCs

61
Q

PLB normally acts as a ______ of _______.

A

inhibitor; SERCA

62
Q

Stretch-sensitivity is mediated by _____ channels

A

Mechanosensitive Na

63
Q

Sympathetic action on vascular tone is mediated by _____ which is activated by _______.

A

Gq; alpha-1-adrenergic receptors

64
Q

Sympathetic stimulation increases chronotropy via actions on ______.

A

RyR, L-type Ca channels, HCN, NCX

65
Q

The _______ subunit of Gi binds to ______.

A

Beta-Gamma; G-protein inwardly rectifying K (GIRK) channels

66
Q

The baroreceptor reflex is mediated by pressure-sensitive neurons in the _______.

A

Aortic arch and carotid sinus

67
Q

The essential step in contraction in VSMCs is _______

A

phosphorylation of myosin

68
Q

True or False: action potentials are required for contraction in VSMCs

A

FALSE

Cardiovascular System (11 decks)

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