Calcium and Autonomic Physiology

Question 1

______ is released by postganglionic parasympathetic neurons.

Answer 1

Acetylcholine

Question 2

______ is released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons.

Answer 2

Norepinephrine/Epinephrine

Question 3

______ muscle requires entry of Ca into the cell.

Answer 3

Cardiac

Question 4

_______ is released by preganglionic parasympathetic neurons to signal postganglionic neurons.

Answer 4

Acetylcholine

Question 5

_______ is released by preganglionic sympathetic neurons to signal postganglionic neurons.

Answer 5

Acetylcholine

Question 6

Agonists of the adrenergic recpetors are ____mimetic.

Answer 6

sympatho

Question 7

Agonists of the cholindergic receptors are _____mimetic

Answer 7

parasympatho

Question 8

At the NCX, at resting potential, Ca is pumped ____.

Answer 8

Out

Question 9

At the NCX, during an action potential, ___ is pumped out during upstroke and ___ is pumped out during repolarization

Answer 9

Na; Ca

Question 10

ATPase that pumps Ca out of the cell

Answer 10

PMCA

Question 11

Mechanisms of Ca extrusion from cytoplasm in order of decreasing importance

Answer 11

SERCA; NCX; PMCA

Question 12

Patients with Brugada Syndrome frequently have mutations in ______ that reduce the magnitude of _____ current.

Answer 12

LTCCs; Ca

Question 13

Patients with Brugada Syndrome frequently have the following EKG finding: _______.

Answer 13

Shortened QT

Question 14

Patients with Brugada Syndrome have a shortened Phase ___ of the action potential.

Answer 14

2

Question 15

Patients with Timothy Syndrome may demonstrate _______ (3)

Answer 15

Prolonged QT interval, AV block, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia

Question 16

TS2 mutations suppress voltage-dependent inactivation of _____

Answer 16

LTCCs

Question 17

When membrane potential is <Vr, Ca is pumped ____ and Na is pumped _____.

Answer 17

out; in

Question 18

When membrane potential is >Vr, Ca is pumped ____ and Na is pumped _____.

Answer 18

in; out