CV 6 Flashcards
How to tell where you will hear systolic murmurs
Think of the direction the blood is normally going to flow
Through the mitral valve you will hear it at the apex
Through the aortic valve you will hear it at the base
What do changes in the ST segment indicate?
Ischemia
Heart attack
Creatinine kinase
Specific to the heart
If you have a heart attack and cells are dying then you will get increased levels of this
A constant murmur heard at the apex during systole is most likely what valve issue?
Mitral regurgitation
Which two murmurs would you hear during systole?
Aortic stenosis (a crescendo) Mitral regurgitation (more constant)
Which two murmurs would you hear during diastole?
Aortic regurgitation (loud then tapers off) Mitral stenosis (gets louder)
4 possible causes of valve malfunction
Congenital defect
Infection, inflammation
Ischemic heart disease
Degeneration
3 things you need for mitral valve function
Leaflets
Chordae tendineae
Papillary muscle
Stroke volume is equal to..
End diastolic volume - end systolic volume
What is the Frank-Starling Law?
If you increase the EDV, you will increase the stroke volume
Chamber pressure is determined by..
Blood volume and chamber compliance
Greater the volume and lower the compliance means higher the pressure
What are the effects on the heart chambers from
- Mitral stenosis
- Mitral regurgitation
- Aortic stenosis
- Aortic regurgitation
- Dilatation of LA
- Dilatation of LA (and LV)
- Dilatation of LA, hypertrophy of LV
- Dilatation of LV (and a bit LA)
Hydrostatic pressure
The pressure of water pushing out of the capillaries
Colloid osmostic pressure
The pressure of proteins pulling water back into the capillaries
Left heart failure
Build up of blood in left atrium
Backs up blood into the pulmonary circulation
Leads to pulmonary edema because of the increased hydrostatic pressure in the capillaies
Increased filtration is too much for the lymph system, fluid moves into IF and lungs
Get rales at the base of lungs and troubles sleeping
