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Physiology > Cardiovascular 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

3 necessary components of the CV system

A

Heart
Blood
Vasculature

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2
Q

Flow rate

A

Volume of blood that passes point in given time

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3
Q

Velocity of flow

A

Distance travelled in given time

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4
Q

Where in the vasculature is the greatest drop in pressure?

A

Arterioles

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5
Q

What is the most important determinant of blood flow?

A

Radius

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6
Q

6 major CV problems

A 
Dysrhythmia
Hypertension
Valve malfunction
Angina/ischemia/MI
Infection
Heart failure
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7
Q

Heart failure

A

Blood flow to tissues is insufficient to maintain homeostasis of interstitial fluid

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8
Q

Ejection failure

A

Systolic failure

Ventricles cannot generate sufficient ejection force

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9
Q

Filling failure

A

Diastolic failure

Ventricles cannot filly sufficiently

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10
Q

4 things needed for cardiac function

A
  1. Electrical signals (conducted to all working muscle in specific pattern)
  2. Coupling (electrical signals in working muscle coupled to contraction of the muscle
  3. Pumping action (orderly contraction of muscle cells with sufficient force leads to contraction of ventricles then relaxation
  4. Functional valves (if valves open properly and do not leak then blood fills ventricles and is pumped out into aorta/pulmonary artery)
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11
Q

5 parts of the cardiac pacemaker and conduction system

A

Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Bundle of His (connects AVN to bundle branches)
Bundle branches (relay APs down septum of the heart)
Purkinje fiber network (relays AP to ventricular myocytes)

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12
Q

L-type Ca channel

A

Membrane ion channel responsible for Ca influx into myocytes during AP plateau
Involved in contraction

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13
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Intracellular Ca storage organelle

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14
Q

Ryanodine receptor

A

Ca release channel located in the SR membrane

Involved in contraction

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15
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca ATPase (SERCA)

A

ATP-dependent Ca pump located in the SR membrane

Involved in relaxation

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16
Q

Phospholamban (PLB)

A

Negative regulator of SERCA

Relaxation

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17
Q

Na-Ca exchanger

A

Extrudes 1 Ca ion out of the cell in exchange for 3 Na ions coming into the cell
Involved in relaxation

18
Q

Plasma membrane Ca pump

A

ATP dependent PM Ca pump extrudes Ca out of cell

Involved in relaxation

19
Q

Mitochondrial Ca pump

A

ATP dependent mitochondrial Ca pump removes Ca from cytosol into mitochondria
Involved in relaxation

20
Q

End-diastolic volume

A

Amount of blood in ventricle at end of diastole

Normal 135 mL

21
Q

End-systolic volume

A

Amount of blood remaining in ventricle at end of ejection

22
Q

Stroke volume

A

Volume of blood ejected from ventricle during systole

Normal 70 mL

23
Q

Ejection fraction

A

Fraction of EDV that is ejected
= SV/EDV
Normal 50-70%

24
Q

Arterial blood pressure is determined by… (2)

A

Cardiac Output

Total Peripheral Resistance

25
Q

Tissue blood volume is determined by… (2)

A

Arterial BP

Tissue vascular resistance

26
Q

Cardiac output is determined by… (2)

A

Heart Rate

Stroke Volume

27
Q

Ventricular filling is determined by.. (2)

A

Blood volume

Venous capacity

28
Q

Ventricular ejection is determined by… (2)

A

Contractility

Coronary Blood flow

29
Q

Qh

A

Controls flow into the arteries

30
Q

Qr

A

Controls flow out of the arteries

31
Q

Cardiac output

A

Total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

CO = HR x SV

32
Q

Total peripheral resistance

A

Ratio of the pressure difference across the vasculature to the blood flow through that vasculature
TPR = (Parterial - P venous)/CO

33
Q

Why is aortic compliance important?

A

It ensures constant blood flow during systole and diastole despite pulsatile changes in pressure

34
Q

Why does compliance decrease with age?

A

Due to the calcification of arteries in older individuals

35
Q 
Normal values for
1. systolic
2. diastolic
3. pulse
pressures
A
  1. 120 mmHg
  2. 80 mmHg
  3. 40 mmHg
36
Q

Arteriosclerosis effects on

  1. compliance
  2. SV
  3. pulse pressure
A
  1. decreased
  2. decreased or normal
  3. increased
37
Q

Aortic stenosis effects on

  1. resistance to flow
  2. SV
  3. ejection speed
  4. pulse pressure
A
  1. increased
  2. decreased
  3. decreased
  4. decreased
    aortic valve is narrowed
38
Q

5 key regulators of vascular tone

A 
Sympathetic NS vasoconstriction
Vasoactive compounds
Myogenic response
Endothelium derived vasodilators
Metabolic vasodilators
39
Q

Hypertensive crisis

A

Sytolic over 180 and/or diastolic over 120
With patients needing prompt changes in medication is there are no other indications of problems, or immediate hospitalization if there are signs of organ damage

40
Q

4 CV complications associated with hypertension

A

Angina pectoris
MI
Stroke
Heart failure

41
Q

4 factors that can contribute to a rise in BP during a dental visit

A

Stress/anxiety
Administration of local anesthetics
Acute pain
Post-procedure pain

42
Q

5 antihypertensive drugs

A 
Diuretics
Beta blockers
Ca channel blockers (reduce CO and cause vasodilation)
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin 2 receptor blockers

Physiology (25 decks)

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