Current west coast research Flashcards
describe the PBS station
in nanimo bc wild + cultivated species indoor + outdoor tanks biosecurity • Massive pumping and electric systems that are redundant
biosecurity describe
• Biosecurity - keep infectious agent secure with layers of security
○ Ex. Foot baths - disinfect feet when leaving and entering
○ Often use virkon aquatic - iodine
PBS research dept.
- Fish health and regulation branch
- Major funding through national aquatic animal health program (NAAHP)
- Accredited by international association
how do they sample fish
• Anesthetize the fish to work on them - MS222 - derivative of cocaine, strictly regulated, paralyzes muscles
○ Reversible in a lower dose
○ Smult species - move to ocean once older
• Standard measurements - weight, length, temp, mortality in tank, o2 levels, etc
• Disinfect equipment with ethanol and flame it
• Histology and genetic samples are common
• Samples embedded in a wax and stained - slices - prepped slides
§ Signs/symptoms: Often see hemorrhaging, abdominal distension (edema, water retention), exothalmia (protrusion of the eye), darkening of the skin, and anemia (low RBC)
§ Often asymptomatic except high mortality
§ Necrosis in liver and spleen
describe IHNV
○ IHNV - infectious hematopoietic anemia virus
Very important - early blood forming cells
§ Infects salmonids significantly
§ Enzootic (endemic) to pacific coast (also in europe and japan)
• Dna vaccine for smolts and fry developed - APEX vaccine
○ Expensive and time consuming
what is a virion? how does IHNV spread
§ A virion - envolope and nucleocapside - protective layer on the virus
§ IHNV transmits vertical (eggs) and horizontal (feces, urine, sexual fluids, mucus, direct contact)
§ Enters the fish via base of fins
§ Saltwater reservoir (where the hosts pick up the virus, often another host) unknown
§ Infects kidneys, spleen, and intestinal submucosa (below the mucus layer)
describe IHNV symptoms
§ Signs/symptoms: Often see hemorrhaging, abdominal distension (edema, water retention), exothalmia (protrusion of the eye), darkening of the skin, and anemia (low RBC)
§ Often asymptomatic except high mortality
§ Necrosis in liver and spleen
describe quarantine lab 1
- Used to study viruses like IHNV
- Keeps water filtered at various stages
- Put fish into individual tanks
- They use bleach to disinfect water before they send it out again
- Foot bath
- Good control - media with no virus
- Pfu - plaque forming units - measurement of viral load, used in cell culture
- Plaque = death of the cells
- How long does it incubate
- Water samples for virus
- Bleach bath at end - biosecurity
• Juvenile salmon high seas project at PBS
• Large ship
• Probes to monitor environmental factors
• Fish are tagged and released, others are frozen
○ Pit tags
• Collect tissues + counts - indication of how many salmon coming back
• Invertebrate aquaculture health and regulation branch
• Mussels
Histological analysis
ok
ok
what are sea lice
copepod, implicated in mortalities of wild and cultured fish
controversy on sea lice
controversial history (aquaculture) controversial even recently (BC outbreaks - wild smolts getting infected; link or no link with farmed salmon?) current project at DFO — what diseases do lice transmit e.g like ISAV a major threat- no treatment
conditions of fish with loma
• Loma salmonae
• Parasite that infects the gills of salmon
• Type of fungus
• Microsporidian
• Inflects wild and farm salmon
• Produces spores
• Inflects salmonoids in salt water and fresh water habitats
• Life cycle - fungus is ingested, goes to gut system, migrates to gils, forms cysts in the gills
• Injects into cells and spores replicate until forming large zynomas - cysts, explodes + continues to infect the fish until its gills cant function and the fish suffocates
New species of loma identified in shiner perch - cymatogaster aggregata - doesn’t pass to salmon, unique species of loma
