culture: social justice and cultural identity development Flashcards
Social Justice
The belief in an equitable world for all individuals and the corresponding goal of promoting fairness by addressing privilege and oppression
four main foci of social justice:
equity,
access,
participation,
harmony
Privilege
The ability of an individual to receive benefits, which are not as readily available to others, as a result of his or her membership in a dominant group
Oppression
The condition of being subject to a group of people who have access to social power and authority. Oppression can occur by force (i.e., imposing a role, experience or condition on someone) or by deprivation (i.e., not providing someone with a necessary experience or resource).
three forms of oppression:
primary (direct), secondary (indirect), tertiary (internalized)
white privilege
The benefits received by being White; these benefits, which involve positive treatment and disproportionate access to resources, are based solely on skin color
white supremacy
The wrongful justification that Whites deserve certain advantages because they are the superior race.
double jeopardy
Individuals who are marginalized as a result of dual minority status (e.g., being an African American female).
triple jeopardy
Individuals who are marginalized as a result of having triple minority status (e.g., being in a racial minority, being female, and having a disability).
structural violence
The marginalization of individuals, intentionally or unintentionally, by political, economic, and social institutions.
Prejudice
Formulation of preconceived opinions or judgments about an individual or group without sufficient knowledge
five stages of prejudice:
antilocution,
avoidance, discrimination,
physical attack, extermination
Racism
Involves the belief that a group of people are inferior to one’s own group due to recognized or perceived differences in physical characteristics. Racism also involves the ability to act on such beliefs overtly or covertly, intentionally or unintentionally.
racial worldview
A defining cultural characteristic in which individuals and groups perceive and understand each other; this understanding is transmitted to succeeding generations.
internalized racism
The taking in of majority beliefs about minority groups that will cause the minority group to believe stereotypes concerning itself, resulting in low self-esteem, feelings of worthlessness, and lowered motivation levels.
Sexism
The oppression of individuals on the basis of their gender, and in particular the belief that males are the superior gender and thus more competent and deserving of power.
male privilege
The unearned societal benefits afforded to men based on being male
internalized sexism
The belief that males deserve a privileged status and others do not.
Resilience
An individual’s ability to adapt to negative life conditions or spring back from adverse situations in order to return to a positive level of functioning
Cultural Identity Development:
the process by which individuals identify with various cultural groups.
Racial Identity
A sense of belongingness and communality that is derived from one’s identification with one or more racial groups.
Nigrescence
A racial identity model that provides a description of stages that Blacks experience as they come to understand and embrace their Black identity
5 statuses of Nigrescence:
preencounter,
encounter,
immersion-emersion, internalization,
internalization-commitment
6 statuses of white racial identity development:
contact, disintegration, reintegration, pseudo-independence, immersion and emersion, autonomy
5 statuses of Helm’s people of color racial identity development model:
conformity, dissonance, immersion and emersion, internalization, integrative awareness
3 interactions of racial interaction theory:
parallel interactions, regressive interactions, progressive interactions
5 stages of Hardiman’s white identity development model:
naivete, acceptance, resistance, redefinition, internalization
Gender Identity
A psychological awareness of one’s maleness or femaleness. Gender identity is typically solidified around age three years, when a child self-refers as a boy or girl, and contains an environmental and cultural component
five stage gender identity developmental model for women:
passive acceptance, revelation, embeddedness-emanation, synthesis, active commitment ‘
gender self-confidence
The degree to which an individual defines oneself according to traditional views of masculinity and femininity and accepts those views
four stages of Hoffman’s feminist identity development:
unexamined female identity,
crisis,
moratorium and equilibrium,
achieved female identity
six stage gay identity development
conscious awareness, identity comparison, identity tolerance, identity acceptance, identity pride, identity synthesis
Troiden’s 4 statuses gay identity development model
sensitization, identity confusion, identity assumption, commitment
McCarn and Fassinger four statuses gay development model:
awareness, exploration, deepening commitment, identity integration
four stages of bisexual identity development:
initial confusion, finding and applying the label of bisexuality, settling into the identity, continued uncertainty
five heterosexual identity statuses:
unexplored commitment, active exploration, diffusion, deepening and commitment, synthesis
Spiritual Identity
The degree of connection individuals have with their spiritual force. Spirituality: A process that involves the continual search for meaning and deepens one’s connection to the inner self, others, and the world. Spirituality also encompasses a sense of well-being and fulfilment.
four stage spiritual identity development model:
pre-awareness, awakening,
recognition, integration
