culture: social justice and cultural identity development

Question 1

Social Justice

Answer 1

The belief in an equitable world for all individuals and the corresponding goal of promoting fairness by addressing privilege and oppression

Question 2

four main foci of social justice:

Answer 2

equity,
access,
participation,
harmony

Question 3

Privilege

Answer 3

The ability of an individual to receive benefits, which are not as readily available to others, as a result of his or her membership in a dominant group

Question 4

Oppression

Answer 4

The condition of being subject to a group of people who have access to social power and authority. Oppression can occur by force (i.e., imposing a role, experience or condition on someone) or by deprivation (i.e., not providing someone with a necessary experience or resource).

Question 5

three forms of oppression:

Answer 5

primary (direct), secondary (indirect), tertiary (internalized)

Question 6

white privilege

Answer 6

The benefits received by being White; these benefits, which involve positive treatment and disproportionate access to resources, are based solely on skin color

Question 7

white supremacy

Answer 7

The wrongful justification that Whites deserve certain advantages because they are the superior race.

Question 8

double jeopardy

Answer 8

Individuals who are marginalized as a result of dual minority status (e.g., being an African American female).

Question 9

triple jeopardy

Answer 9

Individuals who are marginalized as a result of having triple minority status (e.g., being in a racial minority, being female, and having a disability).

Question 10

structural violence

Answer 10

The marginalization of individuals, intentionally or unintentionally, by political, economic, and social institutions.

Question 11

Prejudice

Answer 11

Formulation of preconceived opinions or judgments about an individual or group without sufficient knowledge

Question 12

five stages of prejudice:

Answer 12

antilocution,
avoidance, discrimination,
physical attack, extermination

Question 13

Racism

Answer 13

Involves the belief that a group of people are inferior to one’s own group due to recognized or perceived differences in physical characteristics. Racism also involves the ability to act on such beliefs overtly or covertly, intentionally or unintentionally.

Question 14

racial worldview

Answer 14

A defining cultural characteristic in which individuals and groups perceive and understand each other; this understanding is transmitted to succeeding generations.

Question 15

internalized racism

Answer 15

The taking in of majority beliefs about minority groups that will cause the minority group to believe stereotypes concerning itself, resulting in low self-esteem, feelings of worthlessness, and lowered motivation levels.

Question 16

Sexism

Answer 16

The oppression of individuals on the basis of their gender, and in particular the belief that males are the superior gender and thus more competent and deserving of power.

Question 17

male privilege

Answer 17

The unearned societal benefits afforded to men based on being male

Question 18

internalized sexism

Answer 18

The belief that males deserve a privileged status and others do not.

Question 19

Resilience

Answer 19

An individual’s ability to adapt to negative life conditions or spring back from adverse situations in order to return to a positive level of functioning

Question 20

Cultural Identity Development:

Answer 20

the process by which individuals identify with various cultural groups.

Question 21

Racial Identity

Answer 21

A sense of belongingness and communality that is derived from one’s identification with one or more racial groups.

Question 22

Nigrescence

Answer 22

A racial identity model that provides a description of stages that Blacks experience as they come to understand and embrace their Black identity

Question 23

5 statuses of Nigrescence:

Answer 23

preencounter,
encounter,
immersion-emersion, internalization,
internalization-commitment

Question 24

6 statuses of white racial identity development:

Answer 24

contact, disintegration, reintegration, pseudo-independence, immersion and emersion, autonomy

Question 25

5 statuses of Helm’s people of color racial identity development model:

Answer 25

conformity, dissonance, immersion and emersion, internalization, integrative awareness

Question 26

3 interactions of racial interaction theory:

Answer 26

parallel interactions, regressive interactions, progressive interactions

Question 27

5 stages of Hardiman’s white identity development model:

Answer 27

naivete, acceptance, resistance, redefinition, internalization

Question 28

Gender Identity

Answer 28

A psychological awareness of one’s maleness or femaleness. Gender identity is typically solidified around age three years, when a child self-refers as a boy or girl, and contains an environmental and cultural component

Question 29

five stage gender identity developmental model for women:

Answer 29

passive acceptance, revelation, embeddedness-emanation, synthesis, active commitment ‘

Question 30

gender self-confidence

Answer 30

The degree to which an individual defines oneself according to traditional views of masculinity and femininity and accepts those views

Question 31

four stages of Hoffman’s feminist identity development:

Answer 31

unexamined female identity,
crisis,
moratorium and equilibrium,
achieved female identity

Question 32

six stage gay identity development

Answer 32

conscious awareness,
 identity comparison, 
identity tolerance, 
identity acceptance, 
identity pride, 
identity synthesis

Question 33

Troiden’s 4 statuses gay identity development model

Answer 33

sensitization, identity confusion, identity assumption, commitment

Question 34

McCarn and Fassinger four statuses gay development model:

Answer 34

awareness, exploration, deepening commitment, identity integration

Question 35

four stages of bisexual identity development:

Answer 35

initial confusion, finding and applying the label of bisexuality, settling into the identity, continued uncertainty

Question 36

five heterosexual identity statuses:

Answer 36

unexplored commitment, active exploration, diffusion, deepening and commitment, synthesis

Question 37

Spiritual Identity

Answer 37

The degree of connection individuals have with their spiritual force. Spirituality: A process that involves the continual search for meaning and deepens one’s connection to the inner self, others, and the world. Spirituality also encompasses a sense of well-being and fulfilment.

Question 38

four stage spiritual identity development model:

Answer 38

pre-awareness, awakening,

recognition, integration