culture: counseling various cultural groups Flashcards
six major racial groups in US:
African Americans, Arab Americans, Asian Americans, European Americans, Latin Americans, Native Americans
one drop rule
A hierarchical social system that implied being Black was unfortunate, and as a result those possessing one drop of Black blood were labeled as Black and of a lower social status.
Jim Crow laws
Laws, enacted after slavery ended in 1865, that sought to maintain separate and unequal social and economic situations for Blacks.
model minority myth
The common perception that Asian Americans have excelled in U.S. society and experience few difficulties in relation to adjustment. The myth perpetuates the notion that Asian Americans no longer experience discrimination and thus no longer need social services.
filial piety
A cultural value commonly endorsed by Asian Americans whereby the needs of an individual are often secondary to those of the family (especially to parents and elders).
saving face
A cultural value commonly endorsed by Asian Americans whereby an individual’s behaviors are seen as being reflective of the family and thus one should protect the honor of the family.
acculturative stress
The cognitive and affective consequences associated with leaving one’s own country and entering a host country. Individuals with acculturative stress have to adapt to the values, norms, and behaviors of a new culture and lose some of their cultural identity in the process.
familismo
A value commonly endorsed by Latin Americans that refers to a strong connection to extended families. This value reflects the collectivist nature of this cultural group.
personalismo
A value in the Latino culture that refers to the importance of having compassion and caring for those in the community
machismo
A traditional Latin American gender role, in which males are competitive, powerful, and decision makers and breadwinners for the family.
marianismo
A traditional Latin American gender role, in which females are nurturing, emotional, and sexually pure.
Sexual Minority individuals
Include lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, and those questioning their sexual orientation
coming out process
The process of recognizing oneself as a sexual minority and disclosing one’s sexual identity to others. Aspects of the coming out process include becoming aware of attraction to the same sex; being sexually involved; becoming familiar with the sexual minority community; self-identifying as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender; and coming out to others.
conversion therapy
Also known as reparative therapy, attempts to convert individuals of gay or lesbian sexual identities to a heterosexual identity.
Gerontological counseling
A specialty area in counseling that is tailored for working with individuals 65 years of age and older
ageism
The stereotyping and discrimination against individuals or groups as a result of their age. Ageism is based on the false notion that chronological age determines an individual’s characteristics and value.
culture shock
The experience of disorientation and psychological symptoms such as anxiety and depression that occurs when one adjusts to a new culture where rules, customs, and language are unknown.
Feminist Theory
A psychological theory pioneered by Carol Gilligan (1982) that espouses equality for all individuals and is particularly dedicated to eliminating sexism. The theory aims to help clients become more aware of the effect of gender on their lives as well as to empower them to improve their lives and the lives of others.
Social Identity Theory
Theory, rooted in social psychology, created to understand discrimination within groups. Posits that people sort themselves into groups according to similar characteristics, such as ethnicity or gender
self-categorization
An important piece of social identity theory, in which the “self” is seen as an object to be classified into membership in a social group that gives worth to the person
in-group
The group to which an individual feels similar.
out-group
The group to which an individual feels least similar.
Social Influence Model
Model formulated by Stanley Strong on the basis of social psychology in the 1960s; asserts that if counselors are viewed as having expertise and being attractive, they will have greater influence on the client
Sociometry
Gauges the extent of relationship among people or groups, or how people relate to one another, via a sociogram, which is a scientific, visual way to analyze and display these relationships
sociogram
A graphical representation of group member interaction patterns that are used to display member relationships and educate group members about the intricacies of group dynamics
sociometric test
A study of actual behavior
