CUE - Urbanisation Flashcards
When was the first year where more people lived in urban areas than rural areas across the whole as a whole?
2008
What is urbanisation?
The growth in the proportion of a country’s population that live in urban areas as opposed to rural areas.
What’s urban growth?
The increase in total population of a town or city
What is urban expansion?
The increase in size or geographical footprint of a city
How many millionaire cities were there worldwide (cities with at least 1 million people) in 1950?
83 millionaire cities
How many millionaire cities worldwide was there in 1997?
285 millionaire cities
How may millionaire cities worldwide was there in 2005?
336 millionaire cities
What’s some of the global patterns of urbanisation since 1945?
- 55% people live in urban areas, a 25% increase from 1950 (expected to increase 68% in 2050)
- urban pop has grown massively since 1950s—> from approx 700m to 3.9bin 2014.
- Asia (despite low level of urbanisation) is home to 53% of the worlds urban population, followed by EU, Latin America and Caribbean
- most urbanised regions are N America, Latin America & Caribbean and EU
- Tokyo is one of the largest cities with 38m inhabitants, followed by Delhi, Shanghai, etc. by 2030, world is projected to have 41 megacities with more than 10m inhabitants.
- Africa and Asia are urbanising faster than other regions.
- 1950s, 30% world’s pop was urban, and by 2050, projected to double
- by 2030, over 2 billion people in world will be living in slums
What is the cycle of urbanisation?
- Very slow growth, most employed in agriculture
- Increase in rate of urbanisation associated with economic development
- Rapid rise in urbanisation - suburbanisation and urban sprawl may occur
- Urbanisation slows considerably - majority of people live in towns and cities employed in industry and services
- Counter- urbanisation occurs and the urban proportions stabilises or decreases as some prefer to commute
- Urban resurgence associated with urban renewal
What is suburbanisation?
movement of people from city centre to outskirts or suburbs - close enough to commute.
—> usually when wealthier people move away from central city for a better quality of life. The higher demand for houses causes the suburban areas to grow and meet demand.
How is the effects of past suburbanisation demonstrated in towns and cities in the UK?
- 1930s - few planning controls so urban growth was alongside main roads (ribbon development)
- by the 1940s, this growth (and growth between the ribbons) became a concern. led to creation of green belt areas of open space and low-density land use around towns.
- since 1950s, suburban expansion has increased and better planned. In the 1950-60s, large-scale construction of council housing on the only land available, suburban fringe
- in the 1970s, a move towards house ownership, led to private housing estates being built, also on the urban fringe. Building here allowed people more land for gardens and more public open space.
- as car ownership grew, the edge of town (where these more land available for car parking, etc) became favoured location for new offices, factories and shopping outlets.
- in recent years, new detached, semi-detached houses and bungalows built in suburban areas, along with local shopping centres and schools.
What’s a disadvantage of suburbanisation?
Can lead to inner-city areas becoming deprived and house prices in suburbs increasing
- to increase urban sprawl, strategies to limit suburbanisation (e.g. the green belt - area around the city thats restricted to preserve rural areas.)
What is counter-urbanisation?
The movement of people to rural areas from cities.
- this process occurs as people seek better quality of life due to the urban quality of life being unsatisfactory (e.g. pollution, overcrowding, etc)
- modern advances means there is less drawbacks to living rurally - e.g. better transport links
What happened between 2001 and 2011 to the pop of large cities in England and Wales?
The pop doubled, with the number of residents aged 22-29 tripling
What’s some push factors for urbanisation (rural - urban migration)
- Isolation
- lack of public transport
- poor healthcare
- agricultural problems
What’s some pull factors for urbanisation (rural —> urban migration)?
- opportunities
- jobs
- good education
- better healthcare
What’s some push factors of Counter-urbanisation (urban —> rural migration)?
- pollution
- overcrowding
- large industrial areas
- expensive housing
What’s some pull factors for Counter-urbanisation (urban - rural migration)?
- clean air
- more space
- better value housing
- countryside
What is urban resurgence?
The regeneration (economic and structural) of an urban area. Schemes by councils or governments to improve the quality of life in cities, encouraging more people to move in and the city centre to economically grown and regenerate.
- this leads to re-urbanisation (the movement of people back into a city)
—> however it can cause some issues, such as socioeconomic inequalities, as the previous population may not be able to afford the new, higher prices (so forced out their area)
What is one of the causes of urban growth?
- natural increase —> natural pop growth, as urban areas tend to gave young age profiles, and it is young adults who are most likely to migrate from rural areas. Young adults are in their fertile years and therefore there are higher rates of natural increase in urban areas.
What are some of the factors leading to expansion of urban areas during the Industrial Revolution for urbanisation in HICS?
- Agricultural revolution: loss of work and surplus of food for the towns (mechanisation/technological change)
- industrial processes: labour fawn in from countryside to work in factories (m/t change)
- new power: coal took over from water power - mining areas expanded rather than growth along rivers
- improved transport: canals, then railways and later motorised road (infrastructure)
- Gradual improvements in medicine, hygiene and public health: more people can live in close proximity without inevitable spread of disease (social improvements)
What are some of the negative impacts of urbanisation?
- transport issues: In Bangladesh (LIC), more than 250,000 vehicles, traffic congestion wastes fuel and makes travel difficult and time consuming.
- underemployment - in Italy, average is 7.87%, but northern cities like Bologna, only 3.9% and in Polermoin is 20.9% (more than African countries).
- shortage of housing - In Rio De Janerio, millions of people have been forced to construct their own homes from scrap materials.
- urban sprawl - Barcelona (HIC) hard to distinguish between urban and rural land due to urban sprawl. Highest rates of pop growth are in LICs, such as Zimbabwe, pop increased from 3.78m to 15.09m
- waste disposal - in Rio De Janeiro, the waste disposal trucks cant get up the hills to the favelas, so rubbish piled up around homes. New York has the most waste (approx 30 landfills) and produces more than 14m tonnes of trash every year.
