CUE: Urban Change Flashcards
What is deindustrialisation?
Refers to the loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector (occurred in the 2nd half of 20th century)
What is deindustrialisation such a problem?
The Industrial rev and the rise of manufacturing had been a key to development in the growth of many urban areas.
Cities became synonymous with different types of industries, e.g. textiles - Manchester, iron and steel - Sheffield and ship building - Glasgow
1000s of jobs were created in and people migrated into urban areas, by the 1980s many of the older industrial cities were experiences severe economic problems associated with the decline of manufacturing
What are the three main factors for deindustrialisation?
- Mechanisation - most firms can produce their goods more cheaply by using machines rather than people
- Competition from abroad - particularly the rapid industrialising countries of the time (South Korea, India and China
- Reduced demand - for traditional products as new materials and technologies have been developed
What are some of the impacts of deindustrialisation?
- more unemployment
- loss of confidence and morale in local people
- higher levels of deprivation
- out-migration go pop, usually those better qualified
- higher levels of crime, etc
- loss of tax income to the local authority and potential decline in services
- derelict land and buildings
- increase in demand for state benefits
- long term pollution of land form dirty industries
- closure of many businesses
-loss of jobs and personal disposable incomes - loss of income in the service sector due to less spending power from locals
- positive environmental impacts like noise reduction
What is Decentralisation?
Movement away from the inner city - Inner city land lacks room for expansion and contains many old types of work places likely to be closed, so as a result, new investment tended to focus on the edge of urban areas or move to rural locations. examples of this are large shopping centres or retail parks that are cheaper away from the city.
What are some problems of decentralisation?
It drives customers away from the city centre, meaning there can be issues with city centre degradation.
- for example, the Metrocentre in Gateshead is a large shopping centre located a few miles from Newcastles city centre and has reduced city shopping.
What is the service economy?
Covers a wide range of activities:
Tertiary sector: Tertiary activities such as financial services, transport, retailing, education and health
Quaternary sector: Quaternary activities where knowledge or ideas are the main output, such as advertising, computer programming and software design
What are some of the reasons the service sector has grown?
- population growth
- financial services are needed to support manufacturing industries which are still important in many cities today
- becoming more technologically sophisticated, need to keep a larger range of specialised services to keep them running
- as societies become wealthier, they demand more leisure and retail services
How has there been a dramatic shift in their economic care from manufacturing to service based activities?
The expansion of the service sector has been evident in cities over the world and for many urban areas.
The major financial centres are located in world cities, while corporate headquarters cluster in urban areas where they can access national and international markets, a highly skilled labour force and specialist support services
What are the manufacturing trends in employment in the UK (1978-2015)?
Unemployment drops by a lot from 1978 to 2015, the biggest decrease is between 1980 - 1985 with a decrease of 1332 number of employees (1000s). It gets to 2010 and then increases slightly by 95000 employees - so it plateaus a bit from 2010. This could be from technological improvements
