CTL week 12 Flashcards
what are the 5 major aspects of disease processes?
what are the 5 major aspects of disease processes?
Answer:
- Aetiology (the cause, genetic and/or acquired)
- Pathogenesis (sequence of cellular, biochemical, and molecular events that occur after exposure of cell/tissue to an injurious agent)
- Morphological changes (structural alterations in cell/tissue that are characteristics of disease)
- Functional abnormalities (end result of structural changes in cells/tissue)
- Clinical manifestations (functional consequences of changes)
what can trigger Aetiology (the cause of disease)?
hint: t.i.n.t.i.g
what can trigger Aetiology (the cause of disease)?
Answer:
- toxin
- infections
- nutritional imbalances
- trauma
- immunologic abnormalities
- genetic abnormalities
physiological adaptations
physiological adaptations: response to normal stimuli
Answer: - responses of cells to normal stimulation by hormones or endogenous chemical mediators
Pathological adaptations
Pathological adaptations: response from stress to escape injury
Answer: responses to stress that allow cells to modulate their structure and function to escape injury.
what is hypertrophy?
why does it happen
is it physiological or pathological
what is hypertrophy
Answer: increase in size of cells
occurs when cells are incapable of dividing
can be physiological or pathological
what is hyperplasia
why does it happen
is it physiological or pathological
what is hyperplasia
Answer: increase in the number of cells
occurs when cells are capable of dividing
can be physiological or pathological
physiological hyperplasia
physiological hyperplasia
Answer:
occurs when a portion of the tissue is removed
hormonal // compensatory hyperplasia
Pathologic hyperplasia
Pathologic hyperplasia
Answer: most forms caused by excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation
what is Atrophy
is it physiological or pathological
what is Atrophy
Answer:
- reduction in the size or organ b/c decrease in cell size & number
- can be physiological or pathological
what is Metaplasia
what is Metaplasia
Answer:
- Reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type (b/c need to withstand adverse environment)
change b/c reprogramming of the stem or undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
results in some loss of function
If persistent, can initiate malignant transformation.
what is the hallmark for irreversible injury?
what is the hallmark for irreversible injury?
Answer:
- reduced oxidative phosphorylation with resultant depletion of ATP
- cellular swelling from changes in ion concentration and water influx because lack of ATP to generate Na+/K+ pump
what are the 2 main pathways of death for cells
what are the 2 main pathways of death for cells
Answer: necrosis and apoptosis
what is necrosis
what happens in necrosis
what body response is initiated
what might cause necrosis
what is necrosis
Answer:
- unregulated enzymatic digestion of cell components
- occurs when damage to membrane is severe (enzymes in lysosomes leak into cytoplasm and digest the cell)
- initiates inflammation, b/c cell content leak into ECF
- cell death b/c of ischemia, toxins, infectious agents, trauma
what is Apoptosis
what might causes Apoptosis
what mediated the activation of Apoptosis
what happens in necrosis
what body response is initiated
what is Apoptosis
Answer:
- regulated cell death, eliminate cells that are not needed. breaks cell down into ‘bit size pieces’. no leakage.
- occurs when lack of growth factors, or DNA, or proteins are damaged beyond repair.
- mediated by the activation of Caspases
what happens in reversible cell injury
morphologic alterations in injured cells
what happens in reversible cell injury
Answer:
- plasma membrane “blebbling” (cell swells)
- loss of microvilli
- mitochondrial swelling
- dilation of ER with detachment of ribosomes
- clumping of chromatin
