Crone & Verhulp: Social development Flashcards
When does puberty start in boys and girls?
Girls: before menstruation starts (menarche)
Boys: size of testicles
What is the development of the menarche last century?
It came much earlier
What is a social dilemma?
A dilemma in which individual self-interest at the short term is often at odds with the collective benefits in the longer term
What is the relation between a highly stressful family context, insensitive childrearing, psychological problems and somatic development/reproduction?
The more stressful/unsafe your childhood was, the earlier puberty arrives and the earlier you are sexually active
What does Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model say?
View on child development as a complex of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment
Macrosystem-exosystem-mesosystem-microsystem-individual (y-axis = chronosystem)
What is the adolescence paradox?
Risk: arising of many psychological problems and deviant behavior
Resilience: increased flexibility, social exploration, increased learning capacity, many mental health issues disappear at the end of adolescence
Name 5 aspects of brain development in adolescence
- Decrease grey matter
- Decrease proximal neural connections
- Increase distal neural connections
- Evolutionary old areas develop earlier (sensorimotor)
- Evolutionary young areas develop later (PFC)
Explain the temporarily different balance that occurs in adolescents? What is that disbalance and what is the result of that disbalance? What is the neural basis?
Disbalance in affective and control processes
Results in risk behavior, vulnerability but also flexibility
Neural basis: early development amygdala, late development mentalizing network (PFC/pACC)
What is prosocial behavior?
Behavior that is directed at benefiting others (helping, sharing, donating etc.)
Which 3 factors influence the development of prosocial behavior?
- Strategic motivations
- Social relationship between helper and recipient
- Needs of the recipient/favourable factors
What are the 4 phases of adolescence and the corresponding age estimates?
- Middle/late childhood (7-10y)
- Puberty (11-14y)
- Mid/late adolescence (15-18y)
- Early adulthood (19-25)
What is the dictator game and what were the results?
Nonstrategic economic game: a ‘giver’ needs to divide money between himself and a random recipient.
Results: participants give 20-40% to recipient
What is the ultimatum game and what were the results?
Strategic economic game: participant decides on the amount he’s willing to give, the recipient can accept or decline. If he declines, no one will get anything.
Participants give 50% to recipient, so the participants showed strategic giving
What is the difference between the dictator game and the ultimatum game and how do the results on strategic motivations develop with age?
Dictator game: nonstrategic
–> Stays the same with age
Ultimatum game: strategic
–> Increases with age
What are the results of the dictator game with different levels of social relationship between helper and recipient? How does this develop over age?
If friends: 50%
–> increases with age
If strangers: 35%
–> decreases with age
What are the 3 main social brain regions?
- Medial PFC
- Temporal-parietal junction
- Superior temporal sulcus
What were examples of risk factors in the COVID 19 pandemic for adolescents?
- lack of routine
- exposure COVID info and media
- previous mental health problems
- adolescence
- relative doing first-line jobs (health care)
What were protective factors for adolescents during COVID-19 pandemic?
- Routine
- Family communication
- Social support
What is culture?
Information (knowledge, ideas, norms, values) that isn’t fixed in the genome and is transmitted purely socially
Where do cultural influences fit in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model?
It fits in the macrosystem
What are Vygotsky’s 3 zones?
- Comfort zone: can do task self
- Learning zone: can do task with help
- Anxiety zone: can’t do task now
What is scaffolding?
Adapting instruction to the level of the child
What is the main point of social constructivism?
Culture determines available mediators (e.g. schools) and shapes cognitive skills
Name 4 cultural differences in attachment
- West: attachment implies emotional bond
Others: not appreciated to express emotions - West: attachment only with adults
Others: older children take care of young children - West: attachment only 1 on 1
Others: child is involved in extende family or work from day 1 - West: attachment requires sensitive parenting
Others: child is involved in extended family or work, no room for specific child’s needs
What is alloparenting?
Raising a child in a larger group of people
Why may the strange situation procedure not be suitable for measuring attachment in non-Western cultures?
What is a possible explanation for the high scores of disorganized attachment in non-western agriculture cultures?
In non-western cultures, alloparenting is way more common, so the stress that a child signals when left by his mother, isn’t the same stress as a western child would experience.
Possible explanation: stress due to weird testing procedure
Why would you expect that insecure attachment doesn’t exist in non-western cultures? Name 4 reasons
- Young are never alone
- Breastfeeding on demand
- Immediate response to crying
- Co-sleeping with caregivers
What are the WEIRD societies?
Western, educated, industrialized, rich & democratic
What are 4 important aspects of individualistic cultures?
- Autonomy
- Personal achievements
- Uniqueness
- Needs/rights of individual
What are 4 important aspects of collectivistic cultures?
- Harmony
- Interdependence
- Conformism
- Needs of the group
Why does USA have an individualistic culture and East Asia a collectivistic culture?
USA: immigrants, strive for freedom, individualistic farmers
East Asia: rice demands extensive collaboration
(watch out, these are averages)
What is the issue of economic inequality?
Differences in ownership lead to competition over resources
–> Struggle/warfare –> culture of honor killings and honor
Why have egalitarian societies been replaced by hierarchical ones?
Traits of individuals with greater reproductive success are selected to pass on their genes –> natural selection
Hunter-gatherers –> little to no possession –> have equality –> happier
<3
What is Adler’s statement on being poor and mental health?
Not being poor, but feeling poor leads to feeling bad
What is the difference between subjective and objective SES?
Subjective: self-reported rank on social ladder
Objective: educational level and income
What are the three main differences between cultures?
- Industrial vs. small-scale
- Individualistic vs. collectivistic
- Influence of economic inequality
Name 4 main cultural differences concerning mental help
- Explanations of health/sickness
- Behavior shown when health/sick
- Ideas about how to cure sickness
- Ideas how to prevent becoming sick
Why do parents and adolescents of immigrant background report less mental problems?
People with immigrant background tend to identify less emotional problems, even though they have the same level of problems
What is the cultural difference in looking at typical and atypical behavior?
Western white people tend to view behavior as atypical more frequently
What is proto-professionalizing?
Diagnosis you make in your mind of your own mental problems –> I’m probably depressed
Of which 3 components does the Cultural Formulation Interview consist?
- Problem: how would you describe your problem?
- Cause: why do you think this is happening to you?
- Role of cultural identity: are there any aspects of your background or identity that make a difference to your problem?
What’s the difference between internalizing and externalizing behavior?
Internalizing: directed inwards (anxiety, withdrawal)
Externalizing: directed to environment (agression, impulsivity, disruptiveness)
For which type of problems do immigrants tend to seek less help than non-immigrants?
Internalizing problems
Name 3 reasons why immigrant parents may not recognize internalizing problems in their child
- Ethnic differences in what is normal and abnormal behavior
- Behavior might be identified as abnormal, but not psychologically important
- Immigrant parents may not be used to talking about their feelings as much as non-immigrants
How were the following constructs operationalized in Verhulst?
1 internalizing problems
2 emotional problem identification
3 mental health service use
4 ethnicity
5 education level
1: Youth self report
2: Interview parents + adolescents if they think child had emotional problems last year
3: Interview parents + adolescents if the child received mental care in the past year
4: country of birth parents
5: highest education level achieved by either of the parents
What’s the difference between a mediator and a moderator?
Mediator: explains process through which variables are related
Moderator: affects strength/direction of a relationship
What was the aim of the study of Verhulst? What were the results?
Examine whether emotional problem identification or internalizing problem symptoms serve as a mediator in the relationship between immigrant status and mental health service use for internalizing problems.
Results: emotional problem identification was an important factor contributing to mental health seeking
What are 3 limitations of Verhulst’s study?
- Cross-sectional design –> no causality
- Emotional problem identification can be more extensive
- Little insight why immigrants report internalizing problems, but don’t identify them as emotional problems
Which things have to be done to better facilitate access to mental health care for immigrants?
- Schools should play an important role for access mental care
- Creating other pathways for immigrant children, since current pathways don’t seem to work for them
