Chapter 19 + Moffitt: Risk and Resilience Flashcards

1
Q

Which 5 systems are there in Bronfenbrenner’s model (small to large)?

A
  1. Microsystem
  2. Mesosystem
  3. Exosystem
  4. Macrosystem
  5. Chronosystem
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2
Q

What is resilience? Which 2 conditions must apply?

A

Children experience positive outcomes despite experiencing significant risk

  1. Exposure to threat
  2. Positive adaptations
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3
Q

What is the difference between protective and vulnerability factors?

A

Protective: increase chance of adaptive development
Vulnerability: decrease chance of adaptive development

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4
Q

What is parental bereavement? Name 3 additional stressors

A

Loss/death of a parent

  • Family restructuring
  • New expectations
  • Parental grief
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5
Q

What is the intergenerational cycle of difficulties?

A

Implicit and explicit non-verbal and verbal ways an adult communicates their traumatic experiences

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6
Q

What is the main reason for children’s lower ability and achievement in divorcing parents?

A

Deterioration of economic conditions

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7
Q

What are societal mechanisms that can have a big influence on children’s development? Name 3 and also state a consequence

A

Discrimination - racism - prejudice

Consequence = underachievement ethnic minority children

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8
Q

What are examples of catastrophic events? Do these events elicit long-term effects?

A

War, flooding, natural disasters

No long term effects, especially not when placed in new safe environment

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9
Q

On what do the effects of parenting depend? Name 4 things

A
  1. Child characteristics
  2. How parents deal with separation
  3. Presence of others in exosystem
  4. Place and time
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10
Q

What is the cumulative risk theory?

A

Sum of risk factors rather than any single risk is what leads to dysfunction. More risk factors overwhelm adaptive capacities

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11
Q

What are the 10 environmental risks according to Sameroff?

A

1 Maternal mental illness
2 High maternal anxiety
3 Rigidity in parental perspectives
4 Few positive maternal interactions during infancy
5 Minimal maternal education
6 Head of household in an unskilled occupation
7 Disadvantaged minority
8 Single parenthood
9 Stressful life events
10 Large family size

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12
Q

What is the impact of cumulative risk on IQ?

A

Children with no environmental risks scored 30 IQ points higher on IQ test than children with 8/9 risk factors

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13
Q

What are 2 important drawbacks of the cumulative risk approach? What has to be done in follow-up research?

A
  • Each risk factor doesn’t carry the same weight
  • Risk factors are interchangeable

Follow up: test specificity of risk factors

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14
Q

What is the SDQ and which 5 things does it measure? (strenghts and difficulties questionnaire)

A

Test that measures:
1 prosocial behavior
2 hyperactivity
3 emotional symptoms
4 conduct problems (stealing)
5 peer problems

The total score is more important than type of risk

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15
Q

What is the Adverse Life Events Scale (ALES) and what does it measure?

A

Measures life stress and poses 25 possible stressful events over which children had little to no control

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16
Q

What is risk-specificity?

A

Specific characteristics of an individual risk factor

17
Q

What is the difference between equifinality and multifinality?

A

Equifinality: Multiple risk factors can lead to the same problem >

Multifinality: one risk factor can lead to multiple problems <

18
Q

What is a locus of control? How is this a protective factor?

A

Beliefs about sources about one’s success/failures

If internal locus of control, high protective factor

19
Q

What are 2 factors for internalizing problems?

A
  1. Child characteristics (temperament, locus of control)
  2. Environmental characteristics (family, stressful events)
20
Q

What are 2 factors for externalizing problems?

A
  • Disinhibited temperament
  • Weak self-control
21
Q

What is transgenerational transmission? Name 3 causes of it

A

Increased chance of developing problems when parents have a problem
–> genetics, prenatal factors, social learning

22
Q

What are 3 different models of vulnerability?

A
  1. Moderator interaction effect models
  2. Main effect models
  3. Mediator interaction effect models
23
Q

What is the moderator interaction effect model?

A

Model tests if the prediction of a dependent variable can be explained by another third variable.

Whether a variable is considered a protective factor depends on its connection with the risk factor, not if it has positive or negative qualities

24
Q

What is a main effects model? What are the downsides?

A

Models that identify single factors as determining whether a given child exposed to risk has a good or poor outcome
–> Downside: not good at determining general protective factors

25
What is a mediator effects model?
Models that explore underlying reasons for the relationship between independent and dependent variables It explores the role of intervening variables on effects of risk
26
What are 3 types of risk/resilience interventions? Give an example for each
1. Risk focused: reduce risk -> more prenatal care if low income 2. Asset focused: provide higher quality/quantity of assets in children's lives -> increase after-school activities 3. Process focused: improve important adaptational systems for kids -> increase parent-child attachment
27
Why is growing up in an urban environment a risk factor? Name 3 things
- SES zones - Pollution - Noise
28
How is heritability in externalizing and internalizing personalities?
Externalizing: high heritability, early onset problems Internalizing: low heritability: late onset problems
29
What is allostasis? What is allostatic load?
Physiological regulatory systems change to accommodate to environmental demand Load = physiological consequences of coping with stress --> cumulative burden of chronic stress
30
What is a moderator of the severity of alcohol addiction?
Age of onset: -> if early, not fully matured cognitive control, more difficult to quit later
31
What are 5 types of preventions and interventions for alcohol addiction?
1. Health promotion: posters/ads 2. Universal prevention: schools 3. Selective prevention risk-groups: personality-based, coaching risk parents 4. Indicative prevention beginning issues: motivational interview 5. Treatment
32
Why does one develop problems and another person in the same situation not? Name 5 aspects
1 Stability-instability 2 Gene x Environment 3 Developmental trajectories 4 Continuity normal/abnormal behavior 5 Attention developmental problems, resilience
33
What is the Dunedin study? What were its findings?
Longitudinal study on childhood self-control Self-control predicts physical health, substance dependence, personal finances and criminal offences
34
What are two interventions for self-control?
1. Opt-out strategy: good default options that require no effortful self-control (easy healthy food) 2. Target-hardening: discouraging possible offenders by making breaking the law something that requires careful planning
35
What is the good behavior game?
Teacher sets clear rules and reinforces positive behavior and ignores negative behavior. It's proven to reduce aggressive behavior