Chapter 20: social problems in schools Flashcards
Which 4 different attribution styles are there? Give an example for each
- Aptitude: stable internal
–> I’m stupid - Effort: instable internal
–> I didn’t study hard enough - Task difficulty: stable external
–> The teacher taught badly - Chance: instable external
–> My dog was ill, so I couldn’t study
What is self-regulated learning (SRL) and which 3 steps are needed before this stage is reached?
The ability to understand and control one’s learning environment
First well being has to be good.
1. Safety
2. Social support/belonging
3. Enjoyment
What’s the difference between wellbeing goals and performance goals?
Well being goals work toward the goal of self-regulated learning
When self-regulated learning is achieved, you have performance goals
What is the influence of social comparison and peer pressure?
Social comparison: usually comparing yourself upward
–> Motivating + stressful
Peer pressure: discouragement of any overt display of academic engagement by classmates (nerds)
What is bullying?
Term to define an individual’s repeated exposure to negative actions by one or more people
Which two things create a systematic abuse of power in a school setting?
- Imbalance of power
- Repetition
What are 3 types of social pressure in the classroom?
- Social comparison
- Self-worth protection
- Peer pressure
What is self-worth protection?
Tendency of some students to reduce their levels of effort, so that any poor academic performance can be attributed to low motivation instead of lack of ability
What are the 5 types of bullying?
- Verbal: insulting, laughing
- Relational: ignoring, excluding
- Material: destroying, stealing
- Physical: hitting, kicking
- Cyber: internet bullying
What are protective factors for bullied children? Name 3 factors
- Warm family
- Friends
- Limited period of bullying
Why is cyberbullying especially horrible? Give 3 reasons
- No place to hide
- Anonymity
- Large audience
Name 6 characteristics of a bully
- Authoritarian parenting
- Lack of clear rules/monitoring
- Conflict in family
- ADHD kids
- Aggressive response style
- Expectations of positive consequences (respect)
Name 6 characteristics of a victim of bullying
- Anxious, withdrawn kids
- Anxious, passiver reactions
- Reactive aggression/emotional
- Conflict in family
- Overprotective families
- Being different (ADHD)
What are 3 causes of bullying?
- Society factors: tolerance of violence
- Community level: neighborhood violence, safety and socioeconomic conditions
- School level: school climate, teacher-pupil relationship
What are three types of interventions to reduce bullying?
- Whole school policy: legal requirement to have an anti-bullying policy
- Curriculum work: raising awareness, develop skills, empathy and assertiveness in confronting bullying
- Programs
What are the effects of being bullied? Name 5 things. What is the long term effect?
- Anxiety/depression
- Physical complaints
- Suicidal thoughts
- Low self-esteem
- Absence from school
Long-term: depression in later life
What is the quality circle program?
Small groups of children that solve problems such as bullying
What is the Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning program (SEAL)?
UK-based relationships curriculum to developing social and emotional skills
What is an assertiveness training?
It’s a training to help victims or potential victims of bullying to cope in a non-passive and non-aggressive way
Which 5 types of peer support system forms are there?
- Circle time: class can address particular problems
- Circle of friends: provide support team of peers to work with vulnerable pupil
- Befriending: assignment of pupil to befriend a peer
- Conflict resolution/mediation: neutral third party assists participants to resolve a fight
- Active listening/counselling based: pupil helpers are trained and supervised to use active listening skills to support peers
Why does the peer-support system not always work? Name 3 things
- It’s not helpful when regular supervision is needed
- if problem is too severe
- not enough peer supporters available
How does an effective playground policy reduce bullying?
If the playground is well-designed without too much invisible corners, the bullying will decrease.
What are reactive strategies and which 3 approaches are there?
These strategies deal with bullying when it has happened.
- Direct sanctions/Retributive justice
- Restorative justice
- Support group
What is retributive and restorative justice?
Retributive = direct sanctions
Restorative = focus on bully being made aware of the victim’s feelings and the harm they have caused
What are counselling based approaches? What are two examples of this approach?
Bullies don’t have to directly acknowledge responsibility, but there is encouragement to help the victim to ease his suffering.
- Method of shared concern
- Support group method
What is the method of shared concern?
Counselling based approach against bullying that encourages positive behaviors to the victim and making bullies aware of the harm they are doing (Sweden)
What is the support group method?
Counselling approach against bullying where the aim is to change problem behaviors through:
- Peer pressure to elicit prosocial response
- Self-realization of the harm and suffering caused to the victim
What is the percentage of reduction in bullying in successful large-scale school-based interventions?
Reduction of bullying of 50%
What is the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary prevention?
Primary = school intervention for all children
Secondary = special interventions for children with risk behavior
Tertiary = specialized individual interventions for children with high risk behavior
Which two types of school refusal are there?
- Truancy
- School phobics/refusal
What are 3 characteristics of truants?
- no severe psychological problems, behavior problems
- preference outside school activities
- sporadic absence, attempt to conceal it
What are 3 characteristics of school phobics?
- eager to attend school, good behavior
- fear, emotional problems
- long term absence, parents know
What are three symptoms of psychosomatic complaints of school phobics?
- Physical: sleeping difficulties, vomiting etc.
- Cognitive: thoughts/questions about going to school
- Behavioral: easy cry, social withdrawal, concentration issues
What 3 types of school refusers/phobics are there?
- Separation anxiety
- Specific phobia
- Generalized anxiety/depression
With which characteristics in children is chronic school refusal associated? And acute school refusal?
Chronic: greater levels of neurosis, dependency, low self-esteem
Acute: higher levels of depression
How is school refusal maintained over time? Name the 4 categories
Negative reinforcement:
1. Avoidance anxiety provoking situations
2. Avoidance social situations
Positive reinforcement:
3. Care/attention of parents
4. Attractive activities outside school
Which types of interventions for school refusal are there?
- Exposure:
- systematic desensitization
- emotive imagery - Cognitive behavioral therapy/cognitive restructuring
What’s the difference between systematic desensitization and emotive imagery?
Systematic desensitization = treatment used to regard extreme aversions through exposure and relaxation
Emotive imagery = associating fearful situations with imagined scenes which conjure feelings of pride, so that the fearful situation becomes associated with positive emotions
Emotive imagery is derived from…
Classical conditioning
What is cognitive behavioral therapy?
Therapy aimed to help patients change the way they think, feel and behave.
Negative and irrational thoughts are replaced with new understandings
