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Developmental psychology > Chapter 20: social problems in schools > Flashcards

Chapter 20: social problems in schools Flashcards

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1
Q

Which 4 different attribution styles are there? Give an example for each

A
  1. Aptitude: stable internal
    –> I’m stupid
  2. Effort: instable internal
    –> I didn’t study hard enough
  3. Task difficulty: stable external
    –> The teacher taught badly
  4. Chance: instable external
    –> My dog was ill, so I couldn’t study
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2
Q

What is self-regulated learning (SRL) and which 3 steps are needed before this stage is reached?

A

The ability to understand and control one’s learning environment

First well being has to be good.
1. Safety
2. Social support/belonging
3. Enjoyment

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3
Q

What’s the difference between wellbeing goals and performance goals?

A

Well being goals work toward the goal of self-regulated learning

When self-regulated learning is achieved, you have performance goals

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4
Q

What is the influence of social comparison and peer pressure?

A

Social comparison: usually comparing yourself upward
–> Motivating + stressful

Peer pressure: discouragement of any overt display of academic engagement by classmates (nerds)

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5
Q

What is bullying?

A

Term to define an individual’s repeated exposure to negative actions by one or more people

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6
Q

Which two things create a systematic abuse of power in a school setting?

A
  1. Imbalance of power
  2. Repetition
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7
Q

What are 3 types of social pressure in the classroom?

A
  1. Social comparison
  2. Self-worth protection
  3. Peer pressure
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8
Q

What is self-worth protection?

A

Tendency of some students to reduce their levels of effort, so that any poor academic performance can be attributed to low motivation instead of lack of ability

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9
Q

What are the 5 types of bullying?

A
  1. Verbal: insulting, laughing
  2. Relational: ignoring, excluding
  3. Material: destroying, stealing
  4. Physical: hitting, kicking
  5. Cyber: internet bullying
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10
Q

What are protective factors for bullied children? Name 3 factors

A
  1. Warm family
  2. Friends
  3. Limited period of bullying
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11
Q

Why is cyberbullying especially horrible? Give 3 reasons

A
  1. No place to hide
  2. Anonymity
  3. Large audience
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12
Q

Name 6 characteristics of a bully

A
  1. Authoritarian parenting
  2. Lack of clear rules/monitoring
  3. Conflict in family
  4. ADHD kids
  5. Aggressive response style
  6. Expectations of positive consequences (respect)
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13
Q

Name 6 characteristics of a victim of bullying

A
  1. Anxious, withdrawn kids
  2. Anxious, passiver reactions
  3. Reactive aggression/emotional
  4. Conflict in family
  5. Overprotective families
  6. Being different (ADHD)
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14
Q

What are 3 causes of bullying?

A
  1. Society factors: tolerance of violence
  2. Community level: neighborhood violence, safety and socioeconomic conditions
  3. School level: school climate, teacher-pupil relationship
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15
Q

What are three types of interventions to reduce bullying?

A
  1. Whole school policy: legal requirement to have an anti-bullying policy
  2. Curriculum work: raising awareness, develop skills, empathy and assertiveness in confronting bullying
  3. Programs
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16
Q

What are the effects of being bullied? Name 5 things. What is the long term effect?

A
  • Anxiety/depression
  • Physical complaints
  • Suicidal thoughts
  • Low self-esteem
  • Absence from school

Long-term: depression in later life

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17
Q

What is the quality circle program?

A

Small groups of children that solve problems such as bullying

18
Q

What is the Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning program (SEAL)?

A

UK-based relationships curriculum to developing social and emotional skills

19
Q

What is an assertiveness training?

A

It’s a training to help victims or potential victims of bullying to cope in a non-passive and non-aggressive way

20
Q

Which 5 types of peer support system forms are there?

A
  1. Circle time: class can address particular problems
  2. Circle of friends: provide support team of peers to work with vulnerable pupil
  3. Befriending: assignment of pupil to befriend a peer
  4. Conflict resolution/mediation: neutral third party assists participants to resolve a fight
  5. Active listening/counselling based: pupil helpers are trained and supervised to use active listening skills to support peers
21
Q

Why does the peer-support system not always work? Name 3 things

A
  • It’s not helpful when regular supervision is needed
  • if problem is too severe
  • not enough peer supporters available
22
Q

How does an effective playground policy reduce bullying?

A

If the playground is well-designed without too much invisible corners, the bullying will decrease.

23
Q

What are reactive strategies and which 3 approaches are there?

A

These strategies deal with bullying when it has happened.

  1. Direct sanctions/Retributive justice
  2. Restorative justice
  3. Support group
24
Q

What is retributive and restorative justice?

A

Retributive = direct sanctions
Restorative = focus on bully being made aware of the victim’s feelings and the harm they have caused

25
Q

What are counselling based approaches? What are two examples of this approach?

A

Bullies don’t have to directly acknowledge responsibility, but there is encouragement to help the victim to ease his suffering.

  1. Method of shared concern
  2. Support group method
26
Q

What is the method of shared concern?

A

Counselling based approach against bullying that encourages positive behaviors to the victim and making bullies aware of the harm they are doing (Sweden)

27
Q

What is the support group method?

A

Counselling approach against bullying where the aim is to change problem behaviors through:
- Peer pressure to elicit prosocial response
- Self-realization of the harm and suffering caused to the victim

28
Q

What is the percentage of reduction in bullying in successful large-scale school-based interventions?

A

Reduction of bullying of 50%

29
Q

What is the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary prevention?

A

Primary = school intervention for all children

Secondary = special interventions for children with risk behavior

Tertiary = specialized individual interventions for children with high risk behavior

30
Q

Which two types of school refusal are there?

A
  1. Truancy
  2. School phobics/refusal
31
Q

What are 3 characteristics of truants?

A
  • no severe psychological problems, behavior problems
  • preference outside school activities
  • sporadic absence, attempt to conceal it
32
Q

What are 3 characteristics of school phobics?

A
  • eager to attend school, good behavior
  • fear, emotional problems
  • long term absence, parents know
33
Q

What are three symptoms of psychosomatic complaints of school phobics?

A
  1. Physical: sleeping difficulties, vomiting etc.
  2. Cognitive: thoughts/questions about going to school
  3. Behavioral: easy cry, social withdrawal, concentration issues
34
Q

What 3 types of school refusers/phobics are there?

A
  1. Separation anxiety
  2. Specific phobia
  3. Generalized anxiety/depression
35
Q

With which characteristics in children is chronic school refusal associated? And acute school refusal?

A

Chronic: greater levels of neurosis, dependency, low self-esteem

Acute: higher levels of depression

36
Q

How is school refusal maintained over time? Name the 4 categories

A

Negative reinforcement:
1. Avoidance anxiety provoking situations
2. Avoidance social situations

Positive reinforcement:
3. Care/attention of parents
4. Attractive activities outside school

37
Q

Which types of interventions for school refusal are there?

A
  1. Exposure:
    - systematic desensitization
    - emotive imagery
  2. Cognitive behavioral therapy/cognitive restructuring
38
Q

What’s the difference between systematic desensitization and emotive imagery?

A

Systematic desensitization = treatment used to regard extreme aversions through exposure and relaxation

Emotive imagery = associating fearful situations with imagined scenes which conjure feelings of pride, so that the fearful situation becomes associated with positive emotions

39
Q

Emotive imagery is derived from…

A

Classical conditioning

40
Q

What is cognitive behavioral therapy?

A

Therapy aimed to help patients change the way they think, feel and behave.
Negative and irrational thoughts are replaced with new understandings

Developmental psychology (19 decks)

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