Chapter 18: educational implications

Question 1

What is a curriculum?

Answer 1

The set of courses and their content at a school

Question 2

In which 4 clusters is special education grouped in the Netherlands?

Answer 2

1. Blind
2. Deaf/language problems
3. Physical/mental handicaps, chronically ill
4. Psychiatric disorders/behavioral problems

Question 3

What is passend onderwijs? Does it work?

Answer 3

Type of education is indicated on the basis of individual educational needs, developed to reduce costs fo special schools

It doesn’t work
- No less children in special education, but later
- Higher workload for teachers
- Delay for children with special needs

Question 4

What does the environment think of a kid with a large vocabulary?

Answer 4

Environment tends to overestimate the child

Question 5

What is a bidirectional or transactional process?

Answer 5

A process that works in both directions

Question 6

What is pedagogy?

Answer 6

Any aspect of theory of practice related to teaching

Question 7

How is Piaget’s theory still implemented in modern education? Name 4 ways

Answer 7

• Stagelike development
• Children are active participants and construct own environment
• Teachers should help kids overcome egocentrism
• Teachers should promote discovery learning

Question 8

What is a point of criticism on the discovery learning idea of Piaget? What is an alternative?

Answer 8

Pure discovery learning occurs without feedback. There are few benefits for children’s learning. Learning with instruction is more useful

Alternative: direct instruction or guided discovery

Question 9

What was Piaget’s view on peer interaction?

Answer 9

Peer interaction is crucial for cognitive development, because the gap between children and adults is too big.
The sociocognitive conflict that may arise between two peers forces the child to question own understanding

Question 10

What is happens in a sociocognitive conflict?

Answer 10

Two peers having a different understanding of a problem and both opposing egocentric views result in the conflict

Question 11

What are peer facilitation effects?

Answer 11

Pairing of two children can have a positive impact on children’s later individual performance.
–> Usually long-lasting

Question 12

What task fits with the ability of perspective taking?

Answer 12

Three mountains task

Question 13

What are some long-term effects of working in pairs?

Answer 13

Cognition, social skills, communication, self-esteem

Question 14

Name 4 drawbacks on working in pairs?

Answer 14

• More advanced kids regress
• One child dominates
• Popular peers have more influence
• Positive collaboration needs to be actively encouraged

Question 15

What makes effective scaffolding?

Answer 15

Scaffolding = the means by which adults structure and simplify the environment to facilitate children’s learning
–> Active in zone of proximal development

1. First little help, if fails, more help
2. When child is successful, decrease in level of control

Question 16

What is the tower of Hanoi task? How does peer interaction influence the results?

Answer 16

Reconstructing a tower from A to C in as little moves as possible. It’s used for older children.

Peer interaction improved how quickly children arrived at the correct solution

Question 17

In which type pair is the best type of collaborative learning seen?

Answer 17

In mixed-sex pairs where the girl is more intellectually able then the boy (compensation for dominance of boy)

Question 18

What is passive coping?

Answer 18

A child who thinks others will solve her problems

Question 19

What is a disharmonic IQ test profile?

Answer 19

Results on an IQ test that has dissimilar results for the verbal and the performance parts. If the verbal part is high and performance is low, child tends to be overestimated

Question 20

What is the self-determination theory?

Answer 20

Theory for the broad framework of motivation and personality. It contains 3 types of motivations

Question 21

What 3 types of motivations are in the self-determination theory? Which regulations fall under these specific motivations?

Answer 21

1. Amotivation
   –> Non-regulation: nonvalueing, incompetence
2. Extrinsic motivation
   –> External regulation: just wanting to pass the exam
   –> Introjected regulation: fear failure, perfectionism
   –> Identified regulation: want to be a good student, importance
   –> Integrated regulation: want to have a good carreer, awareness, synthesis with self
3. Intrinsic motivation
   –> Intrinsic regulation: interest, enjoyment, satisfaction

Question 22

Which type of motivation of the self-determination theory is most worrying?

Answer 22

Amotivation

Question 23

What are the three basic psychological human needs?

Answer 23

1. Competence: effective dealing with environment
2. Autonomy: control course own life
3. Relatedness: close relationships with others

Question 24

Which teacher behavior fits best with the 3 basic psychological needs?

Answer 24

1. Competence: instruction, structure
2. Autonomy: classroom responsibility and choices
3. Relatedness: concern, interest

Question 25

What is the difference between Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s view on teaching methods?

Answer 25

Piaget: focus on individual level, others provide conflict and challenge
Vygotsky: focus on social nature of learning, others provide support and scaffolding

Question 26

What is the difference between the intermental and intramental plane, according to Vygotsky?

Answer 26

Intermental: knowledge that is possessed between people

Intramental: knowledge that is possessed by the individual and has been internalized

According to Vygotsky, intermental knowledge exists before it becomes intramental

Question 27

What is the medium of sharing knowledge?

Answer 27

Language

Question 28

What is the relationship between inter/intramental ability and the zone of proximal development?

Answer 28

The distance between inter and intramental ability is the zone of proximal development

Question 29

What are wood’s 5 level of maternal control in the tower building task? Which concept can you link to this?

Answer 29

Concept: scaffolding

1. General verbal prompts
2. Specific verbal prompts
3. Indicating materials
4. Mother perpared the block for assembly by orienting them
5. Mother demonstrated by attaching the block herself

Question 30

What are 4 aspects of successful scaffolding?

Answer 30

1. interactive
2. contingent = adjusted to individual
3. fading = gradual withdrawal of support with increase of understanding
4. transfer of responsibility from teacher to child

Question 31

What is the student teams achievement divisions?

Answer 31

A method used to show how cooperative learning can work, according to Vygotsky’s theory.

Children work in small groups, teacher introduces topic and group members discuss this until they agree that they fully understand it

Question 32

What is reciprocal teaching?

Answer 32

Instructional activity in which students become the teacher in a small group

Question 33

What are attainment targets?

Answer 33

Descriptions of the knowledge that children should have acquired as they work their way through the educational system

Question 34

What are 2 ways of assessing children’s knowledge?

Answer 34

1. Norm referencing: tests based on average scores for population. They indicate how individual children perform relative to other children
2. Criterion referencing: measure of a child relative to a specified criterion. This provides information about what the child knows in certain specific areas

Question 35

What is a formative nature of testing? Which type of referencing matches best with this?

Answer 35

Function of assessment where the purpose is to support further learning.

Criterion referencing matches best

Question 36

What are heuristics?

Answer 36

Simple strategies for reaching solutions

Question 37

What will lead to the greatest advances in translation of knowledge how children learn into effective learning environments?

Answer 37

Development of strong reciprocal relationship between academic psychology, educational practitioners and policy makers