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Developmental psychology > Chapter 4: prenatal development > Flashcards

Chapter 4: prenatal development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is organogenesis?

A

Process of organ formation starting from 10 weeks

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2
Q

What are the three phases of prenatal development?

A
  1. Zygote: fertilization - 2w
  2. Embryo: 2-10w
  3. Fetus: 10w-birth
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3
Q

How long does it take for a fertilized egg to implant in the uterus? How is the egg called when it implants?

A

7 days, it’s called a blastula

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4
Q

What happens in week 2 of prenatal development?

A

Gastrulation = formation of 3 germ layers

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5
Q

What are the 3 germ layers and what is their future development?

A
  1. Ectoderm = skin, hair, nervous system
  2. Mesoderm = muscles, bones
  3. Endoderm = organs
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6
Q

What is a morula?

A

A ball of 16 cells with cell differentiation in the zygote stage

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7
Q

What happens in week 3 of prenatal development?

A

Neurulation –> formation neural plate –> neural groove –> neural tube

This is the formation of the CNS, where the neural tube is the spinal cord

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8
Q

Which germ layer is important in neurulation?

A

Ectoderm

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9
Q

When is the first primitive brain developed? Of which parts does it consist?

A

After 4 weeks, consists of midbrain and forebrain

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10
Q

What happens at 7-8 weeks?

A

Start of reflexes in spinal cord

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11
Q

What are 2 possible consequences if the neural tube fails to close?

A
  1. Open skull/anencephaly
  2. Open back/spina bifida
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12
Q

What is the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain in embryo development?

A

Forebrain: cerebrum + diencephalon
Midbrain: midbrain (brainstem)
Hindbrain: pons + medulla

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13
Q

What is the timeline of cerebral development?

A
  1. 9 weeks: start development
  2. 3 months: mainly reflexive spinal responses
  3. 4 months: cells cerebral hemispheres migrate
  4. 6 months: cortex folds –> sulci/gyri
  5. Brain grows and develops 6 layers
  6. > 6months: matured cerebral cortex with enough cells, volume has to increase
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14
Q

How does the fetal brain grow after 6 months?

A

Mainly through synaptogenesis and myelination

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15
Q

What’s the difference between active and quiet sleep in fetuses? How does it develop from 34-38 weeks?

A

Active = movement, irregular heartbeat, responsive
Quiet = motionless, steady heartbeat

34 weeks: patterns of rest and activity
38 weeks: less active sleep because of brain maturing

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15
Q

Why is active sleep in fetal development important? State 2 reasons

A
  • Stimulation neural networks for maturation nervous system
  • Breathing movements important for lung development
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16
Q

Why do sulci and gyri develop? From which week does this start to happen?

A

Because the volume of our brain is too large, it folds

From 6 months onward

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17
Q

When is the biggest chance of miscarriage?

A

0-4w: 10%
4-8w: decrease of chance on miscarriage

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18
Q

When is the biggest risk for neural deviations? Why?

A

From week 3-8, because the CNS is formed through neurulation in that time

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19
Q

What is the rooting reflex? What is its function?

A

Reflex that causes newborn babies to respond to one of their cheeks being touched by turning head in that direction

Helps to find nipple

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20
Q

When does the first response to touch occur in prenatal development?

A

8 weeks

21
Q

Why are the chemosensory senses (taste/smell) pretty well developed at birth?

A

Fetus can smell everything in amniotic fluid from 16 weeks and tastes the mother’s blood

22
Q

What is the vestibular system? Where is it located?

A

System for balance and spatial orientation. It’s located in the vestibular apparatus in 3 canals in inner ear

23
Q

How is the vestibular system developed in utero? How does this project to behavior after birth?

A

System is actively stimulated by movement of the mother.
After birth, a baby will be calm when rocking and letting it sleep

24
Q

What is the kangaroo method and what is the evidence that it works?

A

Skin-to-skin contact for premature babies
- Helps development autonomic nervous system and vestibular system
- Positive influence on circadian rhythms

25
Q

What is the timeline of the prenatal development of the eyes? Name 4 time points

A

5 weeks: optic cup from ectoderm

2 months: formation lens, eyelids, muscles, iris

5-7 months: opening eyes

16-23 weeks: eye movements

26
Q

What is the function of the visual pathway? How does it develop?

A

Deals with transmission + interpretation of stimuli

9 weeks: optic nerve to neural tube
15 weeks: optic chiasm complete
5 months: 6 stripes in LGN for what/where/ movement/form/color/detail pathways

27
Q

What is the striate cortex?

A

It’s responsible for all basic visual functions. The surrounding area is for perceptual processes/interpretation

28
Q

Why is the visual system not fully developed at birth?

A

Little visual stimulation in the uterus

29
Q

Describe the development of the ear until week 24 (7 steps)

A
  1. 6 weeks: inner ear + middle ear tube
  2. 7 weeks: external ear + ear drum
  3. 8 weeks: cochlea
  4. 10 weeks: sensory celss cochlea + 2 bones middle ear
  5. 14 weeks: vestibular system works + cochlea rolls up + connection auditory nerve to cochlea
  6. 20 weeks: 3rd bone in middle ear + hardening of bones
  7. 24 weeks: cochlear function + shape outer ear
30
Q

When can the fetus detect acoustic stimulation? Which types of sounds are detectable?

A

23-25 weeks –> mostly low sounds

31
Q

What is transnatal learning? Give an example

A

Learning that starts in prenatal period and is continued or remembered in postnatal period

At 35 weeks fetus learns habituation and dishabituation where there first was no dishabituation

32
Q

What is the most important bridge for newborns from uterus to real life?

A

Maternal voice provides comfort and trust

33
Q

When can newborns distinguish mother’s language from a foreign language?

A

Within 4 days

34
Q

What does ‘perinatal’ mean?

A

The period just before and after birth

35
Q

What are 2 characteristics of a critical period?

A
  1. Period for optimal specific development
  2. System is vulnerable for lesions
36
Q

What are 5 types of risk factors?

A
  1. Age of parents
  2. Nutrition, drugs, alcohol, smoking
  3. Stress
  4. Mental disorders + medication
  5. Infections
37
Q

What is the relation of the age of the father to prenatal development?

A

The older, the more risk for neurodevelopmental / psychiatric disorders and impairments in social function

38
Q

Give an example of a cultural disease

A

Sickle cell anemia in afro-americans occurs much more often than in other ethnic groups

39
Q

What are autosomal genetic disorders?

A

Disorders that result from mutation in a gene in one of the non-sex chromosomes

40
Q

In which 5 cases (or combination of it) is prenatal supervision recommended?

A
  1. Prenatal care avoiders
  2. Pregnant women without permanent residence
  3. Pregnant women with psychiatric disorder / aggression
  4. Addiction problems
  5. Previous child that was supervised/removed from home
41
Q

What is FAS and when does it occur?

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome
- Facial anomalies, growth delay, heart defects, mental disabilities
- 6% of children of alcoholic mothers

Severity depends on drinking behavior, genetic predisposition and mother’s nutrition

42
Q

What are 6 risks of smoking in prenatal development?

A
  1. Preterm birth
  2. Fertility problems
  3. Heart defects
  4. Delay growth
  5. Increased risk miscarriage
  6. Placenta problems
43
Q

What is ETS? How can this influence prenatal development?

A

ETS = environmental tobacco smoke
- Low birthweight, asthma, ADHD

44
Q

What is an important confound in research on drugs and prenatal development?

A

Is it the drugs that have an impact on child development or is it genetic predisposition or is it mother’s behavior

45
Q

What is a POP poli?

A

Centre for pregnant women with mental problems

46
Q

With which health risks are low and high birthweight associated?

A

Low: cardiovascular disease
High: breast cancer

47
Q

What were some consequences of the Dutch hunger winter for fetal development?

A

These children had an increased risk on schizophrenia, mood disorder and antisocial disorder

48
Q

What are 2 risks of extreme maternal stress? What are benefits of some maternal stress?

A
  • Low birth weight
  • Prematurity

Some maternal stress:
- more mature information processing
- greater motor and mental maturity at age 2

49
Q

What results did Kagan find in his research on heart rate during prenatal period?

A

Low heart rate during prenatal period predicts lower levels of crying at 4 months

50
Q

What are consequences of infection with Zika-virus for fetuses?

A

Microcephaly: small skull with limited brain growth and organ defects

51
Q

What is an ultradian rhythm? Give an example

A

Rhythms/cycles that repeat in less than a 24h period

Example: feeding

Developmental psychology (19 decks)

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