Critical Thinking Flashcards

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1
Q

After a police shooting of an African American, 80% of Africans believed that the shooting was race related. this is an example of

A

How a persons opinion can be shaped by their experience

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2
Q

bias is associated with

A

opinion

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3
Q

School violence has gone up and academic performance has gone down since video haves with violence were introduced. This means video games should be banned to improve academic scores. This is an example of

A

oversimplification

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4
Q

CTV news reported that there has been an increase in depression

A

over simplification because there is not facts to back it up

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5
Q

In the summer of 2021 both murder rates and ice cream sales increased. So there must eb a correlation between ice cream sales and murder rates. This is an example of

A

Illogical reasoning (they assumed something that isn’t logical)

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6
Q

If you see someone eating a new food and they make a face, then you infer that they don’t like it. this is an example of

A

Logical inference

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7
Q

If you see another student running down the hall, why are they running

A

Idk, otherwise I would be assuming

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8
Q

Do critical thinkers memorize facts

A

no, they search for them as facts are always changing

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8
Q

Do critical thinkers use emotional reasoning

A

no

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9
Q

What is critical thinking

A

deciding what to do or believe in with a clear and open mind

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10
Q

Where does the word Psychology come from

A

Greek words meaning life and logos

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11
Q

How do psychologists base their judgment

A

On scientific evidence

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12
Q

What is psychology the study of

A

The mind and behaviour

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13
Q

Difference between research psychologists and psychologist-practitioners

A

researchers use scientific methods to create new knowledge

practioners use existing research to enhance the lives of others

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14
Q

What is the empirical method

A

collecting, organizing data, and drawing a conclusion from it

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15
Q

3 Levels in psychology

A

Lower (biological)
Middle (interpret)
Higher (culture)

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16
Q

Lower level + example

A

hormones
genes
stress
drugs/alcohol
person’s chemical make-up

Stress of working all day may cause you to lash out

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17
Q

Middle level + example

A

How they judge or interpret things

Men should work hard to make the money so their wife can stay home

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18
Q

Higher level + example

A

culture
social groups
organizations, women are more sensitive then men

Garry likes basketball Brooke likes Ballet, neither family/culture was brought up with the other one so they don’t like it

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19
Q

2 earliest psychologists

A

Plato and Aristotle

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20
Q

What did Plato believe

A

you were born with your talents an dhow smart you are

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21
Q

What did Aristotle believe

A

Everyone is born with a clean slate and we learn through experience

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22
Q

What did Wilhelm Wundt create

A

the field of structuralism

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23
Q

What is fitness

A

the ability to produce viable offspring that will be able to survive

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24
Q

What did Sigmund Freud believe

A

Adult distress and emotional trauma comes from childhood

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25
Q

What do behaviorists believe

A

We can predict behaviour without knowing what’s going on inside the brain

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26
Q

What is cognitive psychology

A

studying the mental process including thinking and memory

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27
Q

What is social-cultural psychology

A

study of social situations and the cultures that influence the thinking and behaviour of people

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28
Q

Fundamentals of a Western culture

A

individualistic

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29
Q

Fundamentals of a East Asian culture

A

Collectivist

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30
Q

8 guidelines for critical thinking

A

1.) Ask questions

2.) Identify the problem clearly

3.) Examine evidence by seeing if it is reliable

4.) Make sure there are no biases

5.) avoid emotional reasoning

6.) Look beyond the obvious

7.) Consider other possibilities

8.) You may never have the full answer

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31
Q

Why shouldn’t we rely on our intuition

A

people aren’t always through in collecting data

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32
Q

What is the scientific method

A

using a set of steps to answer questions in an organized way

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33
Q

What is argument by anecdote

A

argument relying on personal experiences

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34
Q

What is structuralism

A

analyzing your own thoughts

analyzing what happens

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35
Q

What is functionalism

A

analyzing the how and why

understanding causes and consequences

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36
Q

What is psychodynamic theory

A

focusing on unconscious thought, feelings, and memories

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37
Q

A boy tells a girl she is beautiful

A behavioral psychologist would

A

see it as positive stimulus

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38
Q

A boy tells a girl she is beautiful

A cognitive psychologist would

A

the girl will try and figure out why the boy said that

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39
Q

A boy tells a girl she is beautiful

A social-cultural psychologist would

A

say that the girls response is determined by her values

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40
Q

7 perspectives on Psychology

A

Biological
Behavioural
Cognitive
Social-Cultural
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Evolutionary

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41
Q

Biological perspective

A

based on hormones and brain chemistry

May determine mental disorders or criminal behaviour

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42
Q

Behaviourist perspective

A

How environment and experience affects a persons actions

43
Q

Cognitive perspective

A

How we learn, remember, solve problems, etc

44
Q

Sociocultural perspective

A

Rules, groups, and relationships

cultural norms, values, and expectations

45
Q

Psychodynamic perspective

A

Processes unconscious thoughts such as dreams

46
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

Humans can choose how they behave

47
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

The mind is shaped to survive and reproduce

Aggression helps strong members establish power

We respond flexibly, adaptively, and different circumstances

48
Q

Three elements of psychology

A

what
how
why

49
Q

frontal lobe

A

motor skills

50
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual cortex

51
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory information
pressure, touch, and pain

52
Q

temporal lobe

A

interpretation of sounds and language

53
Q

What is visual attention

A

filter unattended or unwanted information

54
Q

3 parts of the human consciousness

A

ID
Ego
Superego

55
Q

What happens when all 3 parts of the human consciousness are in balance

A

meant to ne mentally stable

56
Q

What does the Id do

A

strives to avoid pain and obtain pleasure

57
Q

What does the Ego do

A

referee between needs of instinct and demands of society

58
Q

What does the Superego do

A

Judges the activities of the Id, feelings of pride when you do something good, feeling miserable when you do something bad

59
Q

Example of Psychoanalysis

A

Mary can’t keep a boyfriend because of the unstable relationship she had with her father growing up

60
Q

What did Carl Jung believe

A

That most people have lost touch with important parts of themselves

61
Q

What is threat-stimulation theory

A

when dreams allow us to practice responding to threatening events

62
Q

What is expectation fulfillment theory

A

dreaming frees space for us to deal with emotional arousals of the next day

63
Q

What is activation synthesis theory

A

Dreams don’t mean anything

64
Q

What is continual activation theory

A

dreaming is a result of brain activation and synthesis

65
Q

What do men and women’s dreams mostly consist of

A

Women- negativity and failure

Men-positivity, magic, aliens

66
Q

What did Pavlov discover

A

Classical conditioning

67
Q

4 examples of classical conditioning

A

Dog + Whistle
Cat in box with lever
Baby + Rat
Rat in box

68
Q

Ivan Pavlov’s experiment

A

He would ring a bell when his dog would salivate and conditioned him to salivate with a whistle without food

69
Q

Thorndike’s experiment

A

Put animals like a cat in a puzzle box with a level and every time it hit the lever they were let go and every time the cat got faster at it

70
Q

John Watson’s experiment

A

A baby at 9 months old was shown a bunch of animals, masks, burning newspaper, etc. They showed him a rat for the second time and made aloud sound. Now every time the baby sees a rat it cries

71
Q

Frederic Skinners experiment

A

Put a rat in a box and when it pulled the lever it got food

72
Q

What is client centered therapy

A

unconditional positive regard and empathy to build trust and give them a supportive environment

73
Q

Two main drives that power human behaviour

A

biological drive
reward-punishment drive

74
Q

what is biological drive

A

hunger, thirst, intimacy

75
Q

What does the ABCDE model stand for

A

Adversity
Belief
Consequence
Disputation
Energization

76
Q

Adversity

A

being faced with failure or criticism

77
Q

Belief

A

thinking that they are underperforming or incapable

78
Q

Consequence

A

What would happen if you quit

79
Q

Disputation

A

challenging underlying assumptions

80
Q

Energized

A

pursuing a new performance path

81
Q

three conditions that must be met to achieve a flow of state

A

1.) Make a clear set of goals

2.) Include a clear and immediate feedback

3.) Create a good balance between task challenges and skill level

82
Q
A
83
Q

What are the three elements of psychology?

A

What how and why?

84
Q

What does introspection emphasize?

A

The analysis of immediate experience into basic elements

85
Q

The ID is

A

Unconscious and present at birth

86
Q

The ego is

A

A referee and reigns in the IDs desire for sex and aggression

87
Q

The super ego is

A

Representing morality and values of your culture

88
Q

Example of the ID

A

I just wanna kill him

89
Q

Example of the ego

A

I wanna kill him, but if I did, I would go to jail

90
Q

Example

A

Wanna kill him and the world would be a better place without him

91
Q

What 2 theory is this:

I’m running away from a man who is following me. The pathway ahead of me is crumbling

A

Threat-simulation theory
Expectation fulfillment theory

92
Q

Conditioning is another word for

A

Learning

93
Q

What is the unconditioned stimulus for Pavlov’s dog

A

The food

94
Q

What is the unconditioned response in Pavlov’s dog experiment

A

Salivating to food

95
Q

Example of classical conditioning

A

Smelling cologne that reminds you of your dad

96
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

The process of learning through rewards and punishment for certain behaviours

97
Q

What is stimulus

A

The external event that elicits a response from an organism

98
Q

Praising your child for cleaning their room

A

Positive reinforcement

99
Q

Yelling at your kid to clean their room and when they do you stop yelling

A

Negative reinforcement

100
Q

Spanking your child for not cleaning their room

A

Positive punishment

101
Q

Your kid doesn’t clean their room so you take away their toy

A

Negative punishment

102
Q

3 key point in BF skinners theory

A

-learning is a purposeful change in behaviour

-result of behaviour leads to changes in other behaviour

-a behaviour that leads to positive consequences will likely occur again

103
Q

What is the primary goal of the ABC model in cognitive behavioural therapy

A

Disputing and challenging negative beliefs

104
Q

Someone with Mavlows deficiency is someone who doesn’t feel anything if needs are met but if they aren’t met they are anxious what are the needs

A

Physiological
Safety
love and belonging