Critical Thinking Flashcards
After a police shooting of an African American, 80% of Africans believed that the shooting was race related. this is an example of
How a persons opinion can be shaped by their experience
bias is associated with
opinion
School violence has gone up and academic performance has gone down since video games with violence were introduced. This means video games should be banned to improve academic scores. This is an example of
oversimplification
CTV news reported that there has been an increase in depression
over simplification because there is not facts to back it up
In the summer of 2021 both murder rates and ice cream sales increased. So there must eb a correlation between ice cream sales and murder rates. This is an example of
Illogical reasoning (they assumed something that isn’t logical)
If you see someone eating a new food and they make a face, then you infer that they don’t like it. this is an example of
Logical inference
If you see another student running down the hall, why are they running
Idk, otherwise I would be assuming
Do critical thinkers memorize facts
no, they search for them as facts are always changing
Do critical thinkers use emotional reasoning
no
What is critical thinking
deciding what to do or believe in with a clear and open mind
Where does the word Psychology come from
Greek words meaning life and logos
How do psychologists base their judgment
On scientific evidence
What is psychology the study of
The mind and behaviour
Difference between research psychologists and psychologist-practitioners
researchers use scientific methods to create new knowledge
practioners use existing research to enhance the lives of others
What is the empirical method
collecting, organizing data, and drawing a conclusion from it
3 Levels in psychology
Lower (biological)
Middle (interpret)
Higher (culture)
Lower level + example
hormones
genes
stress
drugs/alcohol
person’s chemical make-up
Stress of working all day may cause you to lash out
Middle level + example
How they judge or interpret things
Men should work hard to make the money so their wife can stay home
Higher level + example
culture
social groups
organizations, women are more sensitive then men
Garry likes basketball Brooke likes Ballet, neither family/culture was brought up with the other one so they don’t like it
2 earliest psychologists
Plato and Aristotle
What did Plato believe
you were born with your talents an dhow smart you are
What did Aristotle believe
Everyone is born with a clean slate and we learn through experience
What did Wilhelm Wundt create
the field of structuralism
What is fitness
the ability to produce viable offspring that will be able to survive
What did Sigmund Freud believe
Adult distress and emotional trauma comes from childhood
What do behaviorists believe
We can predict behaviour without knowing what’s going on inside the brain
What is cognitive psychology
studying the mental process including thinking and memory
What is social-cultural psychology
study of social situations and the cultures that influence the thinking and behaviour of people
Fundamentals of a Western culture
individualistic
Fundamentals of a East Asian culture
Collectivist
8 guidelines for critical thinking
1.) Ask questions
2.) Identify the problem clearly
3.) Examine evidence by seeing if it is reliable
4.) Make sure there are no biases
5.) avoid emotional reasoning
6.) Look beyond the obvious
7.) Consider other possibilities
8.) You may never have the full answer
Why shouldn’t we rely on our intuition
people aren’t always through in collecting data
What is the scientific method
using a set of steps to answer questions in an organized way
What is argument by anecdote
argument relying on personal experiences
What is structuralism
analyzing your own thoughts
analyzing what happens
What is functionalism
analyzing the how and why
understanding causes and consequences
What is psychodynamic theory
focusing on unconscious thought, feelings, and memories
A boy tells a girl she is beautiful
A behavioral psychologist would
see it as positive stimulus
A boy tells a girl she is beautiful
A cognitive psychologist would
the girl will try and figure out why the boy said that
A boy tells a girl she is beautiful
A social-cultural psychologist would
say that the girls response is determined by her values
7 perspectives on Psychology
Biological
Behavioural
Cognitive
Social-Cultural
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Evolutionary
Biological perspective
based on hormones and brain chemistry
May determine mental disorders or criminal behaviour
Behaviourist perspective
How environment and experience affects a persons actions
Cognitive perspective
How we learn, remember, solve problems, etc
Sociocultural perspective
Rules, groups, and relationships
cultural norms, values, and expectations
Psychodynamic perspective
Processes unconscious thoughts such as dreams
Humanistic Perspective
Humans can choose how they behave
Evolutionary Perspective
The mind is shaped to survive and reproduce
Aggression helps strong members establish power
We respond flexibly, adaptively, and different circumstances
Three elements of psychology
what
how
why
frontal lobe
motor skills
occipital lobe
visual cortex
parietal lobe
sensory information
pressure, touch, and pain
temporal lobe
interpretation of sounds and language
What is visual attention
filter unattended or unwanted information
3 parts of the human consciousness
ID
Ego
Superego
What happens when all 3 parts of the human consciousness are in balance
meant to ne mentally stable
What does the Id do
strives to avoid pain and obtain pleasure
What does the Ego do
referee between needs of instinct and demands of society
What does the Superego do
Judges the activities of the Id, feelings of pride when you do something good, feeling miserable when you do something bad
Example of Psychoanalysis
Mary can’t keep a boyfriend because of the unstable relationship she had with her father growing up
What did Carl Jung believe
That most people have lost touch with important parts of themselves
What is threat-stimulation theory
when dreams allow us to practice responding to threatening events
What is expectation fulfillment theory
dreaming frees space for us to deal with emotional arousals of the next day
What is activation synthesis theory
Dreams don’t mean anything
What is continual activation theory
dreaming is a result of brain activation and synthesis
What do men and women’s dreams mostly consist of
Women- negativity and failure
Men-positivity, magic, aliens
What did Pavlov discover
Classical conditioning
4 examples of classical conditioning
Dog + Whistle
Cat in box with lever
Baby + Rat
Rat in box
Ivan Pavlov’s experiment
He would ring a bell when his dog would salivate and conditioned him to salivate with a whistle without food
Thorndike’s experiment
Put animals like a cat in a puzzle box with a level and every time it hit the lever they were let go and every time the cat got faster at it
John Watson’s experiment
A baby at 9 months old was shown a bunch of animals, masks, burning newspaper, etc. They showed him a rat for the second time and made aloud sound. Now every time the baby sees a rat it cries
Frederic Skinners experiment
Put a rat in a box and when it pulled the lever it got food
What is client centered therapy
unconditional positive regard and empathy to build trust and give them a supportive environment
Two main drives that power human behaviour
biological drive
reward-punishment drive
what is biological drive
hunger, thirst, intimacy
What does the ABCDE model stand for
Adversity
Belief
Consequence
Disputation
Energization
Adversity
being faced with failure or criticism
Belief
thinking that they are underperforming or incapable
Consequence
What would happen if you quit
Disputation
challenging underlying assumptions
Energized
pursuing a new performance path
three conditions that must be met to achieve a flow of state
1.) Make a clear set of goals
2.) Include a clear and immediate feedback
3.) Create a good balance between task challenges and skill level
What are the three elements of psychology?
What how and why?
What does introspection emphasize?
The analysis of immediate experience into basic elements
The ID is
Unconscious and present at birth
The ego is
A referee and reigns in the IDs desire for sex and aggression
The super ego is
Representing morality and values of your culture
Example of the ID
I just wanna kill him
Example of the ego
I wanna kill him, but if I did, I would go to jail
Example of the super ego
Wanna kill him and the world would be a better place without him
What 2 theory is this:
I’m running away from a man who is following me. The pathway ahead of me is crumbling
Threat-simulation theory
Expectation fulfillment theory
Conditioning is another word for
Learning
What is the unconditioned stimulus for Pavlov’s dog
The food
What is the unconditioned response in Pavlov’s dog experiment
Salivating to food
Example of classical conditioning
Smelling cologne that reminds you of your dad
What is operant conditioning
The process of learning through rewards and punishment for certain behaviours
What is stimulus
The external event that elicits a response from an organism
Praising your child for cleaning their room
Positive reinforcement
Yelling at your kid to clean their room and when they do you stop yelling
Negative reinforcement
Spanking your child for not cleaning their room
Positive punishment
Your kid doesn’t clean their room so you take away their toy
Negative punishment
3 key point in BF skinners theory
-learning is a purposeful change in behaviour
-result of behaviour leads to changes in other behaviour
-a behaviour that leads to positive consequences will likely occur again
What is the primary goal of the ABC model in cognitive behavioural therapy
Disputing and challenging negative beliefs
Someone with Mavlows deficiency is someone who doesn’t feel anything if needs are met but if they aren’t met they are anxious what are the needs
Physiological
Safety
love and belonging
