Critical Thinking Flashcards
After a police shooting of an African American, 80% of Africans believed that the shooting was race related. this is an example of
How a persons opinion can be shaped by their experience
bias is associated with
opinion
School violence has gone up and academic performance has gone down since video haves with violence were introduced. This means video games should be banned to improve academic scores. This is an example of
oversimplification
CTV news reported that there has been an increase in depression
over simplification because there is not facts to back it up
In the summer of 2021 both murder rates and ice cream sales increased. So there must eb a correlation between ice cream sales and murder rates. This is an example of
Illogical reasoning (they assumed something that isn’t logical)
If you see someone eating a new food and they make a face, then you infer that they don’t like it. this is an example of
Logical inference
If you see another student running down the hall, why are they running
Idk, otherwise I would be assuming
Do critical thinkers memorize facts
no, they search for them as facts are always changing
Do critical thinkers use emotional reasoning
no
What is critical thinking
deciding what to do or believe in with a clear and open mind
Where does the word Psychology come from
Greek words meaning life and logos
How do psychologists base their judgment
On scientific evidence
What is psychology the study of
The mind and behaviour
Difference between research psychologists and psychologist-practitioners
researchers use scientific methods to create new knowledge
practioners use existing research to enhance the lives of others
What is the empirical method
collecting, organizing data, and drawing a conclusion from it
3 Levels in psychology
Lower (biological)
Middle (interpret)
Higher (culture)
Lower level + example
hormones
genes
stress
drugs/alcohol
person’s chemical make-up
Stress of working all day may cause you to lash out
Middle level + example
How they judge or interpret things
Men should work hard to make the money so their wife can stay home
Higher level + example
culture
social groups
organizations, women are more sensitive then men
Garry likes basketball Brooke likes Ballet, neither family/culture was brought up with the other one so they don’t like it
2 earliest psychologists
Plato and Aristotle
What did Plato believe
you were born with your talents an dhow smart you are
What did Aristotle believe
Everyone is born with a clean slate and we learn through experience
What did Wilhelm Wundt create
the field of structuralism
What is fitness
the ability to produce viable offspring that will be able to survive
What did Sigmund Freud believe
Adult distress and emotional trauma comes from childhood
What do behaviorists believe
We can predict behaviour without knowing what’s going on inside the brain
What is cognitive psychology
studying the mental process including thinking and memory
What is social-cultural psychology
study of social situations and the cultures that influence the thinking and behaviour of people
Fundamentals of a Western culture
individualistic
Fundamentals of a East Asian culture
Collectivist
8 guidelines for critical thinking
1.) Ask questions
2.) Identify the problem clearly
3.) Examine evidence by seeing if it is reliable
4.) Make sure there are no biases
5.) avoid emotional reasoning
6.) Look beyond the obvious
7.) Consider other possibilities
8.) You may never have the full answer
Why shouldn’t we rely on our intuition
people aren’t always through in collecting data
What is the scientific method
using a set of steps to answer questions in an organized way
What is argument by anecdote
argument relying on personal experiences
What is structuralism
analyzing your own thoughts
analyzing what happens
What is functionalism
analyzing the how and why
understanding causes and consequences
What is psychodynamic theory
focusing on unconscious thought, feelings, and memories
A boy tells a girl she is beautiful
A behavioral psychologist would
see it as positive stimulus
A boy tells a girl she is beautiful
A cognitive psychologist would
the girl will try and figure out why the boy said that
A boy tells a girl she is beautiful
A social-cultural psychologist would
say that the girls response is determined by her values
7 perspectives on Psychology
Biological
Behavioural
Cognitive
Social-Cultural
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Evolutionary
Biological perspective
based on hormones and brain chemistry
May determine mental disorders or criminal behaviour