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Critical Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

After a police shooting of an African American, 80% of Africans believed that the shooting was race related. this is an example of

A

How a persons opinion can be shaped by their experience

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2
Q

bias is associated with

A

opinion

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3
Q

School violence has gone up and academic performance has gone down since video games with violence were introduced. This means video games should be banned to improve academic scores. This is an example of

A

oversimplification

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4
Q

CTV news reported that there has been an increase in depression

A

over simplification because there is not facts to back it up

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5
Q

In the summer of 2021 both murder rates and ice cream sales increased. So there must eb a correlation between ice cream sales and murder rates. This is an example of

A

Illogical reasoning (they assumed something that isn’t logical)

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6
Q

If you see someone eating a new food and they make a face, then you infer that they don’t like it. this is an example of

A

Logical inference

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7
Q

If you see another student running down the hall, why are they running

A

Idk, otherwise I would be assuming

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8
Q

Do critical thinkers memorize facts

A

no, they search for them as facts are always changing

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8
Q

Do critical thinkers use emotional reasoning

A

no

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9
Q

What is critical thinking

A

deciding what to do or believe in with a clear and open mind

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10
Q

Where does the word Psychology come from

A

Greek words meaning life and logos

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11
Q

How do psychologists base their judgment

A

On scientific evidence

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12
Q

What is psychology the study of

A

The mind and behaviour

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13
Q

Difference between research psychologists and psychologist-practitioners

A

researchers use scientific methods to create new knowledge

practioners use existing research to enhance the lives of others

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14
Q

What is the empirical method

A

collecting, organizing data, and drawing a conclusion from it

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15
Q

3 Levels in psychology

A

Lower (biological)
Middle (interpret)
Higher (culture)

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16
Q

Lower level + example

A

hormones
genes
stress
drugs/alcohol
person’s chemical make-up

Stress of working all day may cause you to lash out

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17
Q

Middle level + example

A

How they judge or interpret things

Men should work hard to make the money so their wife can stay home

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18
Q

Higher level + example

A

culture
social groups
organizations, women are more sensitive then men

Garry likes basketball Brooke likes Ballet, neither family/culture was brought up with the other one so they don’t like it

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19
Q

2 earliest psychologists

A

Plato and Aristotle

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20
Q

What did Plato believe

A

you were born with your talents an dhow smart you are

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21
Q

What did Aristotle believe

A

Everyone is born with a clean slate and we learn through experience

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22
Q

What did Wilhelm Wundt create

A

the field of structuralism

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23
Q

What is fitness

A

the ability to produce viable offspring that will be able to survive

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24
What did Sigmund Freud believe
Adult distress and emotional trauma comes from childhood
25
What do behaviorists believe
We can predict behaviour without knowing what's going on inside the brain
26
What is cognitive psychology
studying the mental process including thinking and memory
27
What is social-cultural psychology
study of social situations and the cultures that influence the thinking and behaviour of people
28
Fundamentals of a Western culture
individualistic
29
Fundamentals of a East Asian culture
Collectivist
30
8 guidelines for critical thinking
1.) Ask questions 2.) Identify the problem clearly 3.) Examine evidence by seeing if it is reliable 4.) Make sure there are no biases 5.) avoid emotional reasoning 6.) Look beyond the obvious 7.) Consider other possibilities 8.) You may never have the full answer
31
Why shouldn't we rely on our intuition
people aren't always through in collecting data
32
What is the scientific method
using a set of steps to answer questions in an organized way
33
What is argument by anecdote
argument relying on personal experiences
34
What is structuralism
analyzing your own thoughts analyzing what happens
35
What is functionalism
analyzing the how and why understanding causes and consequences
36
What is psychodynamic theory
focusing on unconscious thought, feelings, and memories
37
A boy tells a girl she is beautiful A behavioral psychologist would
see it as positive stimulus
38
A boy tells a girl she is beautiful A cognitive psychologist would
the girl will try and figure out why the boy said that
39
A boy tells a girl she is beautiful A social-cultural psychologist would
say that the girls response is determined by her values
40
7 perspectives on Psychology
Biological Behavioural Cognitive Social-Cultural Psychodynamic Humanistic Evolutionary
41
Biological perspective
based on hormones and brain chemistry May determine mental disorders or criminal behaviour
42
Behaviourist perspective
How environment and experience affects a persons actions
43
Cognitive perspective
How we learn, remember, solve problems, etc
44
Sociocultural perspective
Rules, groups, and relationships cultural norms, values, and expectations
45
Psychodynamic perspective
Processes unconscious thoughts such as dreams
46
Humanistic Perspective
Humans can choose how they behave
47
Evolutionary Perspective
The mind is shaped to survive and reproduce Aggression helps strong members establish power We respond flexibly, adaptively, and different circumstances
48
Three elements of psychology
what how why
49
frontal lobe
motor skills
50
occipital lobe
visual cortex
51
parietal lobe
sensory information pressure, touch, and pain
52
temporal lobe
interpretation of sounds and language
53
What is visual attention
filter unattended or unwanted information
54
3 parts of the human consciousness
ID Ego Superego
55
What happens when all 3 parts of the human consciousness are in balance
meant to ne mentally stable
56
What does the Id do
strives to avoid pain and obtain pleasure
57
What does the Ego do
referee between needs of instinct and demands of society
58
What does the Superego do
Judges the activities of the Id, feelings of pride when you do something good, feeling miserable when you do something bad
59
Example of Psychoanalysis
Mary can't keep a boyfriend because of the unstable relationship she had with her father growing up
60
What did Carl Jung believe
That most people have lost touch with important parts of themselves
61
What is threat-stimulation theory
when dreams allow us to practice responding to threatening events
62
What is expectation fulfillment theory
dreaming frees space for us to deal with emotional arousals of the next day
63
What is activation synthesis theory
Dreams don't mean anything
64
What is continual activation theory
dreaming is a result of brain activation and synthesis
65
What do men and women's dreams mostly consist of
Women- negativity and failure Men-positivity, magic, aliens
66
What did Pavlov discover
Classical conditioning
67
4 examples of classical conditioning
Dog + Whistle Cat in box with lever Baby + Rat Rat in box
68
Ivan Pavlov's experiment
He would ring a bell when his dog would salivate and conditioned him to salivate with a whistle without food
69
Thorndike's experiment
Put animals like a cat in a puzzle box with a level and every time it hit the lever they were let go and every time the cat got faster at it
70
John Watson's experiment
A baby at 9 months old was shown a bunch of animals, masks, burning newspaper, etc. They showed him a rat for the second time and made aloud sound. Now every time the baby sees a rat it cries
71
Frederic Skinners experiment
Put a rat in a box and when it pulled the lever it got food
72
What is client centered therapy
unconditional positive regard and empathy to build trust and give them a supportive environment
73
Two main drives that power human behaviour
biological drive reward-punishment drive
74
what is biological drive
hunger, thirst, intimacy
75
What does the ABCDE model stand for
Adversity Belief Consequence Disputation Energization
76
Adversity
being faced with failure or criticism
77
Belief
thinking that they are underperforming or incapable
78
Consequence
What would happen if you quit
79
Disputation
challenging underlying assumptions
80
Energized
pursuing a new performance path
81
three conditions that must be met to achieve a flow of state
1.) Make a clear set of goals 2.) Include a clear and immediate feedback 3.) Create a good balance between task challenges and skill level
82
What are the three elements of psychology?
What how and why?
83
What does introspection emphasize?
The analysis of immediate experience into basic elements
84
The ID is
Unconscious and present at birth
85
The ego is
A referee and reigns in the IDs desire for sex and aggression
86
The super ego is
Representing morality and values of your culture
87
Example of the ID
I just wanna kill him
88
Example of the ego
I wanna kill him, but if I did, I would go to jail
89
Example of the super ego
Wanna kill him and the world would be a better place without him
90
What 2 theory is this: I’m running away from a man who is following me. The pathway ahead of me is crumbling
Threat-simulation theory Expectation fulfillment theory
91
Conditioning is another word for
Learning
92
What is the unconditioned stimulus for Pavlov’s dog
The food
93
What is the unconditioned response in Pavlov’s dog experiment
Salivating to food
94
Example of classical conditioning
Smelling cologne that reminds you of your dad
95
What is operant conditioning
The process of learning through rewards and punishment for certain behaviours
96
What is stimulus
The external event that elicits a response from an organism
97
Praising your child for cleaning their room
Positive reinforcement
98
Yelling at your kid to clean their room and when they do you stop yelling
Negative reinforcement
99
Spanking your child for not cleaning their room
Positive punishment
100
Your kid doesn’t clean their room so you take away their toy
Negative punishment
101
3 key point in BF skinners theory
-learning is a purposeful change in behaviour -result of behaviour leads to changes in other behaviour -a behaviour that leads to positive consequences will likely occur again
102
What is the primary goal of the ABC model in cognitive behavioural therapy
Disputing and challenging negative beliefs
103
Someone with Mavlows deficiency is someone who doesn’t feel anything if needs are met but if they aren’t met they are anxious what are the needs
Physiological Safety love and belonging

Psychology (10 decks)

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