Chapter 5 Neuro System Flashcards
the _______ is a collection of neurons that make up the brain and spinal cord
CNS
What neurological condition did both Anne Adams and Maurice Ravel possibly share?
frontotemporal dementia
The basic unit of the nervous system responsible for transmitting information is called the
neuron
what are neurotransmitters
The chemical signals that travel from one neuron to another, enabling them to
communicate with one another
myelin sheath
a layer of fatty tissue surrounding the axon of a neuron
the following three chemicals are examples of neurotransmitters
endorphins
dopamine
serotonin
________ neurotransmitters make the cell more likely to fire, while _______
neurotransmitters make the cell less likely to fire
excitatory
inhibitory
neurotransmitters regulate
appetite
memory
emotions
movement
____ are drugs that mimic the actions of neurotransmitters, whereas ________ are
drugs that block the actions of neurotransmitters
agonists
antagonists
Which part of the brain regulates basic survival functions such as breathing, moving,
resting, and feeding
the old brain
the area of the brainstem that control heart rate and breathing is best known as
medulla
The brain structure responsible for posture, coordinating body movements, and
equilibrium is the
cerebellum
The part of the brain that regulates many basic functions such as body temperature,
thirst, and hunger is the
hypothalamus
Which of the following structures is responsible for memory formation
hippocampus
The brain structure responsible for processing emotional stimuli, in particular fear, and
emotional memory is the
amygdala
The __________ is the outer bark-like layer of our brain that allows us to so
successfully use language, acquire complex skills, create tools, and live in social groups
cerebral cortex
The ________ of the brain houses the motor cortex and areas responsible for judgment,
decisions and planning.
frontal lobe
The _________ lobe extends from the middle to the back of the skull and which is
responsible primarily for processing information about touch
parietal lobe
The _______ lobe is located at the very back of the skull and processes visual
information.
occipital lobe
lobe responsible primarily for hearing and language
temporal lobe
____ means the brain is wired such that in most cases the left hemisphere receives
sensations from and controls the right side of the body, and vice versa
contralateral control
The brain’s neurons have the capacity to reorganize and can carry out functions in
response to damage to the brain
true
The peripheral nervous system affects __________ while the central nervous system is
associated with _______________
survival (such as breathing) info processing (such as seeing)
_______________________ carries information from sensory receptors, and
__________________________ transmits information to the muscles and glands.
sensory neurons
motor neurons
When a brain of a living organism is damaged, the damage it is called a:
lesion
n a classic case study Phineas Gage became emotionally labile and unable to restrain
his impulsive behaviors after a severe head injury. Much of his brain damage occurred
in his
frontal lobe
why is it difficult to study the brain
hard to get a good picture of what is going on inside
In the “Cyberball” game, what happened to the participants during the exclusion scan?
they watched the game play but couldn’t participate
What is one of the documented consequences of social exclusion mentioned in the
study?
efforts to reconnect with others and feelin worse about oneself
nervous system
collection of hundreds of billions of specialized and interconnected cells through which messages are sent between the brain and the rest of the body
neuron
a cell in the nervous system whose function it is to receive and transmit information
soma
contains the nucleus of the cell and keeps the cells alive
dendrite
collects information from other cells and sends the information to the soma
axon
transmits information away from the cell body toward other neurons or to the muscles and glands
myelin sheath
layer of fatty tissue surrounding the axon of a neuron that both acts as an insulator and allows faster transmission of the electrical signal
in the nervous system the electrical charge moves
through the neuron itself
int he nervous system chemical are used to
transmit information between neurons
what state does the axon normally remain in
resting potential
electrical signal moves through the neuron as a result of changes in the
electrical charge of the axon
which side is more negative and more positive of a neuron
interior has more negatively charged ions then the outside
if a neuron receives a strong enough signal what opens and what happens
axon gate opens and positive sodium ions enter
once action potential occurs the number of positive ions…
exceeds the number of negative ions and the segment becomes positively charged
how does the action potential operate
in an all or nothing manner
refractory period
a brief time after the firing of the axon in which the axon cannot fire again because the neuron has not yet returned to its resting potential
nodes of ranvier
gaps between the axons where the myelin sheath covers it
as each new segment becomes positive…
the membrane in the prior segment closes and return to negatively charged
synapses
areas where the terminal buttons at the end of the axon of one neuron nearly but don’t quite touch the dendrites of another
oxytocin
hormone that acts as a neurotransmitter
excitatory
make the cell more likely to fire
inhibitory
make the cells less likely to fire
reuptake
neurotransmitters that are in the synapses are reabsorbed into the transmitting terminal buttons ready to again be released after the neuron fires
major neurotrnasmitters
acetylcholine
dopamine
endorphins
glutamate
serotonin
GABA
neurotransmitters regulate
appetite
memory
emotions
muscle action
movement
psychological and physical diseases
the oldest part of the brain is
the parts closest to the spinal cord
medulla
brain stem that controls heart rate and breathing
pons
brain stem that helps control movements in the body
reticular formation
walking
eating
sexual activity
sleeping
consuming alcohol affects the
cerebellum
limbic system
responsible for memory and emotions including reward punishment
gyri
ridges in the brain
sulci
grooves in the brain
fissures
deep grooves in the brain
cortex makes up ______% of the brains weight
80%
corticalization
folding of the cerebral cortex
motor control
controls and executes movements of the body by sending signals to the cerebellum and the spinal cord
somatosensory cortex
receives information from the skins sensory receptors and the movements of different body parts
olfactory cortex
processes smells
gustatory cortex
processes taste
what happens when the auditory cortex is damaged
unable to understand what noises mean
neuroplasticity
brains ability to change its structure and function in response to experience or damage
interneuron
communicates among other neurons
nervous system is the
electrical information highway
spinal cord is the
central throughway of information
when a quick response is needed the spinal cord can
do its own processing and bypass the brain
autonomic control examples
heart rate
breathing
digestion
salivation
perspiration
urination
sexual arousal
somatic controls
skeletal muscles
skin
sense organs
endocrine system
network of glands in your body that make the hormones that help cells talk to each other
gland
groups of cells that function to secrete hormones
hormone
chemical that moves throughout the body to help regulate emotions and behaviours
2 ways to measure electrical activity of neurons
direct and indirect
direct measurement of neurons
placing electrodes directly into the brain
indirect measurement of neurons
measuring brain waves that pass through the skull by sensors that stick to the skin
electro cephalography (EEG)
records electrical activity produced by the brains neurons through the use of electrodes placed on the head
fMRI
brain scan that uses a magnetic field activity in each brain area
TMS
transcranial magnetic stimuli
magnetic pulse are applied to the brain of a living person with the goal of temporarily deactivating a small portion of the brain
